Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > The respiratory system > Flashcards

The respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the respiratory system?

A

This system allows for gas exchange between inhaled O2 and exhaled CO2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Purpose of the R system

A

the cells of the body require energy for their metabolic activities. this energy mostly comes from chemical reactions which can only take place in the presence of O2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

organs of the R system

A
  • nose
  • mouth
  • larynx (voice-box)
  • pharynx (throat)
  • trachea (windpipe)
  • two bronchi (one bronchus per L&R lung)
  • bronchioles & smaller passages
  • two lungs and their pleura (covering)
  • muscles of breathing; internal/external intercostal muscles &diaphragm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does respiration mean?

A

the exchange of gases between body cells and the environment;

*pulmonary ventilation- breathing air in/out of the lungs

  • exchange if gases- includes two things;
  • external respiration; between outside world and lungs
  • internal respiration; between blood and tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

two types of respiration

A

External R; between the external environment and the lungs (alveoli)

Internal R; between the blood and surrounding tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the intercostal muscles?

A

there are 11 pairs of these muscles found between the 12 ribs, and are arranged in two layers; external IC and internal IC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how do the intercostal muscles work?

A

these muscles are stimulated to contract by the intercostal nerves, and because they are attached to the first ‘fixed’ rib, both the muscles and bones move as a unit during breathing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the diaphragm

A

a dope-shaped muscular structure which separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. it is supplied by phrenic nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

another name for quiet, restful breathing

A

diaphragmatic breathing. this is because during this type of breathing, 75% of the work is done by the diaphragm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cycle of breathing (three phases)

A

the average RR is 12-15 breaths/min, with each breath consisting of 3 phases;

  • Rest
  • Inhalation
  • Exhalation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

URT (upper respiratory tract) components;

A
  • nose
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • larynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

LRT (lower) components; (also known as respiratory tree)

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
  • lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

nose; points

A
  • line with a membrane that is rich in blood, which filters, warms and moistens the passing air, making suitable for the LRT
  • lined with cilia (hairs) which traps inhaled harmful particles within inhaled air, protecting the LRT
  • large surface area due to septum, which increases speed of air passing through being warmed and humidified.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pharynx points;

A
  • also known as the throat, which splits into the oesophagus at the back, trachea at the front
  • unless swallowing, the oesophagus will be closed/collapsed. the trachea is held permanently opened and guarded by a flap of cartilage; epiglottis.
  • epiglottis hinges as a toilet seat, normally kept in an up right position to allow airflow in/out, only closing for ingesting food/fluid/salivia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

larynx points;

A

a box of thyroid cartilage which is our voice box and is connected to the trachea. it is visible in men as the ‘adam’s apple’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

trachea/bronchi/bronchioles

A
  • also known as the windpipe, where air flows in and out of the body
  • supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage, that don’t meet (c-shaped) and stop the trachea from collapsing
  • the trachea branches into the left and right lung via the bronchi (left and right bronchus), which are made of cartilage
  • the cartilage is only found in bigger airways, becoming less and less in smaller airways, being replaced by smooth muscle, which allows them to constrict/dilate (vital for normal breathing)
  • primary bronchi divides into secondary bronchi and then turchary bronchi, up to roughly 28 times
  • this eventually becomes bronchioles which lead to the alveoli
17
Q

lung lobes

A

right lung; divides into three lobes, upper, middle and lower

*left lung; divides into two lobes, upper and lower

18
Q

lungs

A

these are two organs which are covered by a double-membrane; pleural membrane.

parietal pleura; the outer layer is firmly stuck to surrounding structures in the chest, meaning their connecting will cause them to move wherever the chest moves. this layer folds over on itself/never terminates.

visceral pleura; inner layer which sticks firmly to the lungs. part of the same outer membrane

pleural space; area between both these layers which is sealed and filled some mls of pleural fluid. its lubrication allows movement of the lungs without friction/damage.

19
Q

trachea wall;

A
  • smooth muscle; links C-shaped rings of cartilage
  • adventitia; outer layer of trachea which is tough & protects windpipe
  • cartilage; C-shaped rings are not full circles to allow bulging from the oesophagus in comfort, allowing both tubes to fulfil their functions
  • lumen; interior of vessel where air passes and where cilia are found
  • epithelium
20
Q

cilia

A

carpets of these hairs produce synchronised wave-like movements which carry mucous and trapped particles out of the airways/body to the mouth to be swallowed via the oesophagus.

21
Q

mucous

A

mainly a sugar and a perfect breeding ground for bacteria and infection. mucous is thick and sticky, produced by goblet cells.

22
Q

alveoli (air sacs) points;

A
  • also known as air sacs
  • moist
  • single alveoli are called alveolus
  • grape shaped and found at spouting from the sides and ends of bronchioles
  • roughly 150 million per lung
  • site for gas exchange; very thin walls (single squamous epithelium) with a thin membrane and large surface area which allow for efficient gas exchange
  • capillaries wrap around the alveolus and as these blood vessels are 1-cell thick, just like the alveolus, gas exchange is adequate
  • fusion of the alveoli and capillary allows gas exchange to be quick
  • alveoli are not hanging in the air but embedded in an elastic framework
23
Q

what is the respiratory membrane

A

where the capillary wall and alveolus wall come into direct contact

24
Q

gas exchange

A

in the ambient air there is;

  • 78% nitrogen
  • 21% O2

some water vapour and CO2

25
Q

what is a peak flow meter

A

these hand-held devices measure air speed, in L/min, informing the user of their lung function.

it indicates the degree to which the airways are constricted.

26
Q

role of IC muscles during respiration;

A

Inhalation;

  • internal IC muscles relax
  • external IC muscles contract, pulling ribcage upwards and outwards
  • diaphragm contracts pulling downwards
  • lung volume increases as air pressure inside increases
  • air is pushed into the lungs

Exhalation;

  • external IC muscles relax
  • internal IC muscles contract, pulling ribcage downwards and inwards
  • diaphragm relaxes, moving back upwards
  • lung volume decreases as air pressure inside decreases
  • air is pushed out of the lungs
27
Q

tertiary bronchi?

A

also known as segmental bronchi, and are found just before the narrowest of airways

Physiology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions