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physiology > The respiratory system > Flashcards

The respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the respiratory system?

A

This system allows for gas exchange between inhaled O2 and exhaled CO2.

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2
Q

Purpose of the R system

A

the cells of the body require energy for their metabolic activities. this energy mostly comes from chemical reactions which can only take place in the presence of O2.

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3
Q

organs of the R system

A
  • nose
  • mouth
  • larynx (voice-box)
  • pharynx (throat)
  • trachea (windpipe)
  • two bronchi (one bronchus per L&R lung)
  • bronchioles & smaller passages
  • two lungs and their pleura (covering)
  • muscles of breathing; internal/external intercostal muscles &diaphragm
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4
Q

what does respiration mean?

A

the exchange of gases between body cells and the environment;

*pulmonary ventilation- breathing air in/out of the lungs

  • exchange if gases- includes two things;
  • external respiration; between outside world and lungs
  • internal respiration; between blood and tissues
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5
Q

two types of respiration

A

External R; between the external environment and the lungs (alveoli)

Internal R; between the blood and surrounding tissues

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6
Q

what are the intercostal muscles?

A

there are 11 pairs of these muscles found between the 12 ribs, and are arranged in two layers; external IC and internal IC

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7
Q

how do the intercostal muscles work?

A

these muscles are stimulated to contract by the intercostal nerves, and because they are attached to the first ‘fixed’ rib, both the muscles and bones move as a unit during breathing.

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8
Q

what is the diaphragm

A

a dope-shaped muscular structure which separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. it is supplied by phrenic nerves.

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9
Q

another name for quiet, restful breathing

A

diaphragmatic breathing. this is because during this type of breathing, 75% of the work is done by the diaphragm.

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10
Q

cycle of breathing (three phases)

A

the average RR is 12-15 breaths/min, with each breath consisting of 3 phases;

  • Rest
  • Inhalation
  • Exhalation
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11
Q

URT (upper respiratory tract) components;

A
  • nose
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • larynx
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12
Q

LRT (lower) components; (also known as respiratory tree)

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
  • lungs
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13
Q

nose; points

A
  • line with a membrane that is rich in blood, which filters, warms and moistens the passing air, making suitable for the LRT
  • lined with cilia (hairs) which traps inhaled harmful particles within inhaled air, protecting the LRT
  • large surface area due to septum, which increases speed of air passing through being warmed and humidified.
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14
Q

pharynx points;

A
  • also known as the throat, which splits into the oesophagus at the back, trachea at the front
  • unless swallowing, the oesophagus will be closed/collapsed. the trachea is held permanently opened and guarded by a flap of cartilage; epiglottis.
  • epiglottis hinges as a toilet seat, normally kept in an up right position to allow airflow in/out, only closing for ingesting food/fluid/salivia
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15
Q

larynx points;

A

a box of thyroid cartilage which is our voice box and is connected to the trachea. it is visible in men as the ‘adam’s apple’

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16
Q

trachea/bronchi/bronchioles

A
  • also known as the windpipe, where air flows in and out of the body
  • supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage, that don’t meet (c-shaped) and stop the trachea from collapsing
  • the trachea branches into the left and right lung via the bronchi (left and right bronchus), which are made of cartilage
  • the cartilage is only found in bigger airways, becoming less and less in smaller airways, being replaced by smooth muscle, which allows them to constrict/dilate (vital for normal breathing)
  • primary bronchi divides into secondary bronchi and then turchary bronchi, up to roughly 28 times
  • this eventually becomes bronchioles which lead to the alveoli
17
Q

lung lobes

A

right lung; divides into three lobes, upper, middle and lower

*left lung; divides into two lobes, upper and lower

18
Q

lungs

A

these are two organs which are covered by a double-membrane; pleural membrane.

parietal pleura; the outer layer is firmly stuck to surrounding structures in the chest, meaning their connecting will cause them to move wherever the chest moves. this layer folds over on itself/never terminates.

visceral pleura; inner layer which sticks firmly to the lungs. part of the same outer membrane

pleural space; area between both these layers which is sealed and filled some mls of pleural fluid. its lubrication allows movement of the lungs without friction/damage.

19
Q

trachea wall;

A
  • smooth muscle; links C-shaped rings of cartilage
  • adventitia; outer layer of trachea which is tough & protects windpipe
  • cartilage; C-shaped rings are not full circles to allow bulging from the oesophagus in comfort, allowing both tubes to fulfil their functions
  • lumen; interior of vessel where air passes and where cilia are found
  • epithelium
20
Q

cilia

A

carpets of these hairs produce synchronised wave-like movements which carry mucous and trapped particles out of the airways/body to the mouth to be swallowed via the oesophagus.

21
Q

mucous

A

mainly a sugar and a perfect breeding ground for bacteria and infection. mucous is thick and sticky, produced by goblet cells.

22
Q

alveoli (air sacs) points;

A
  • also known as air sacs
  • moist
  • single alveoli are called alveolus
  • grape shaped and found at spouting from the sides and ends of bronchioles
  • roughly 150 million per lung
  • site for gas exchange; very thin walls (single squamous epithelium) with a thin membrane and large surface area which allow for efficient gas exchange
  • capillaries wrap around the alveolus and as these blood vessels are 1-cell thick, just like the alveolus, gas exchange is adequate
  • fusion of the alveoli and capillary allows gas exchange to be quick
  • alveoli are not hanging in the air but embedded in an elastic framework
23
Q

what is the respiratory membrane

A

where the capillary wall and alveolus wall come into direct contact

24
Q

gas exchange

A

in the ambient air there is;

  • 78% nitrogen
  • 21% O2

some water vapour and CO2

25
Q

what is a peak flow meter

A

these hand-held devices measure air speed, in L/min, informing the user of their lung function.

it indicates the degree to which the airways are constricted.

26
Q

role of IC muscles during respiration;

A

Inhalation;

  • internal IC muscles relax
  • external IC muscles contract, pulling ribcage upwards and outwards
  • diaphragm contracts pulling downwards
  • lung volume increases as air pressure inside increases
  • air is pushed into the lungs

Exhalation;

  • external IC muscles relax
  • internal IC muscles contract, pulling ribcage downwards and inwards
  • diaphragm relaxes, moving back upwards
  • lung volume decreases as air pressure inside decreases
  • air is pushed out of the lungs
27
Q

tertiary bronchi?

A

also known as segmental bronchi, and are found just before the narrowest of airways

physiology (26 decks)

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