The respiratory/excretory system Flashcards
Which areas affect the air that we breathe in the respiratory system?
Cilia- traps pathogens
Mucus- moistens air, traps pathogens
Turbinate bones- small bones in the nose that increase SA for blood vessels
Blood vessels- warm incoming air
Describe the lung?
Trachea- has c shaped cartilage, connects to bronchi
Bronchi-branch off of trachea, also have c shaped cartilage
Bronchioles- branch off of bronchi
Alveoli- At end of bronchi
What are some factors of alveoli?
- thin, allow for gas exchange
- surrounded by capillaries, so gas exchange can occur
- Has a lubricating membrane that keeps alveoli moist and from sticking together, in order to increase SA
What are the stages of respiration?
- inhalation/exhalation
2, external respiration (lungs-blood) - Internal respiration (blood-body cells)
- Cellular respiration
What conditions are necessary for a functioning respiratory system?
High SA:V ratio
Moist environment
What are the steps of inhalation? (in sequence order)
- Rib muscles contract—-rib cage moves up and down, diaphragm moves down
- Volume of chest cavity increases, air pressure decreases
- since air pressure is low, air moves into lungs (high to low)
What are the steps of exhalation? (in sequence order)
- rib muscles relax— rib cage moves down and in, diaphragm moves up
- volume of chest cavity decreases, air pressure increases
- Since air pressure is high, air moves out (moves from high to low)
How does the body regulate breathing?
CO2 and O2 Chemoreceptors, which are activated when the medula oblongata, a part of the brain, recognize changes
How do CO2 chemoreceptors work?
- exercise-cells use O2 for cellular respiration
- increase CO2, decreased blood pH
- chemoreceptors detect CO2
- Medulla oblongata detects
- Tells diaphragm and intercostal muscles to work harder
- Decrease CO2 levels, increases blood pH
- Chemoreceptors detect decrease CO2, and stop
What does low blood pH mean?
There is an increase in CO2
How do O2 chemoreceptors work?
- Low O2 - caused by high altitudes/carbon monoxide poisoning
- O2 chemoreceptors detect
- medula oblongata detects
- tells diaphragm and intercostal muscles to breathe more
- increase O2,
- O2 chemoreceptors detect increase, stop production
How does oxygen travel through the blood?
It is transported by
- 99% hemoglobin (More specifically Oxyhemoglobin)
- 1% dissolved in blood plasma
How does CO2 transport through the blood?
- 9 % in the plasma
- 21% in the hemoglobin
- 70% as carbonic acid (!)
How does Co2 travel as carbonic acid throughout the body?
1) CO2 combines with H2O, uses the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, to form H2CO3 ( carbonic acid)
2) H2CO3 is unstable, so it splits into Hydrogen and HCO3 (bicarbonate).
Hydrogen-attaches to hemoglobin, can created CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN, which travels to the lungs
Bicarbonate- safely travels to lungs
In the lungs: H + HCO3
turns into
H2O+ CO2 and is finally breathed out
What are some types of waste products?
Ammonia-deamination, dangerous, amino acids
Urea- ammonia+CO2= urea
Uric acid-break down of nucelic acid
