Digestion Flashcards
What are the 3 main macromolecules ?
Protein, lipids, carbohydrates
What are carbohydrates?
These are the primary source of energy. Starch
The monomer version is called monosaccharide. The polymer version is disaccharide and polysaccharide.
What are proteins?
Structural component of cells. Made up of amino acids (monomer) and together known as polypeptides(polymer) which are bound by peptide bonds.
What are lipids?
Oils, fats, waxed, phospholipid s. Used in structure of membrane, storage form of energy, insulation. Made up of triglycerides , which is made up of glycerol and fatty acids. Held together by dehydration synthesis.
What is the difference between saturate and unsaturated fats?
Saturated- only single C bonds, harder to break because surrounded by H. Mostly animals have saturated fat.
Unsaturated- double/triple bonds, easier to break down. Mostly found in plants.
Which 4 factors affect the reaction rate?
temperature
Ph
Substrate concentration,
Non/competitive inhibitors
What is dehydration synthesis?
You remove H2O to join two monomers. How you create polymers/macromolecules .
What is hydrolysis?
How we break down polymers. Add water to break bonds back into monomers.
What is a catalyst?
A catalyst is anything that speeds up a reaction
What is an enzyme?
Protein catalyst. Reduces activation energy needed for a reaction. All enzymes have an active site, where the substrate attaches. They are reusable, and can be assisted by co-enzymes.
What is a competitive inhibitor?
Another competitor fights for the same active site as a substrate
What is a non competitive inhibitor?
Inhibitor attaches to another area of enzyme, changes the active site.
What is negative feedback?
Where a final predicts becomes and inhibitor for the beginning of the chain of production to stop it, since it’s been created and they don’t need to make any more.
What is the digestive tract?
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectangle, anus
What is the mouth?
Stage 1, chemical and physical digestion. Tongue- turns good into bonus, teeth- increase SA of bonus
Salivary glands- secretes salivary amylase (breaks down starch into disaccharides)
Pharynx- nasal and oral cavity meet
Epiglottis- flap prevents food from getting into trachea
What is the esophagus?
Stage 2
Esophagus- how jolis gets to stomach, uses peristalsis, which is smooth muscle contractions
Esophageal sphincter- aka cardiac, controls opening between esophagus and stomach, if it doesn’t work could cause heartburn
Pyloric sphincter- controls opening from stomach to small intestine
What is the stomach?
Stage 3, chemical/physical.
Physical- churns food, bolus become chyme
Chemical- gastric juices: water, juices, HCL- breaks down food+bacteria, Ph of 2
What is the small intestine?
Stage 4, chemical/absorption.
Pancreas creates 4 enzymes secreted to the small intestine
Absorption- contains villi- increases SA for absorption. All villi have capillaries in them
What are the 4 enzymes secreted into the small intestine from the pancreas?
Lipase,
Trips in, erepsin, pancreatic amylase
What are villi?
Little finger like progections that increase SA,
Blood capillaries absorb amino acids and monosaccharides, using active transport.
lacteals absorb fatty acids and glycerol, uses passive transport
What is salivary amylase?
An enzyme in mouth, breaks down starch (carbs) into monosaccharides
What is pepsin?
Pepsin, which is created from pepsinogen by HCL, breaks down proteins into polypeptides in the stomach.
What is lipase?
Breaks down lipids in small intestine, created in pancres
What is trypsin?
Breaks proteins down into polypeptides in small intestine, created by pancreas
What is erepsin?
Breaks polypeptides into amino acids in small intestine, created by pancreas
What is pancreatic amylase?
Breaks down starch in small intestine, made by pancreas
What is the large intestine?
Stage 5, reabsorbs H2O back into body, has helpful gut bacteria
What are the accessory organs?
Pancreas, gall bladder, liver
What is the liver?
Creates bile, which emulsifies fats. Bile is stored in the gall bladder, and used in small intestine
What is the pancreas?
Aids in digestion, releases many enzymes that work in the small intestine, also creates bicarbonate
What is bicarbonate?
It neutralizes HCL from stomach in the small intestine, and deactivates pepsin
Indicator tests
benedict solution—> glucose—>tirns from blue to red/brown
iodine—> starch—>turns black/blue
Biuret reagent—> protein—> turns from clear/blue to pink/violet/purple
Sudan IV—-> lipids—-> deep red will form, if negative pink will form/// paper bag test
