The circulatory system Flashcards
What is the circulatory system?
A transportation system for oxygen, nutrients, and cell waste, to move throughout body
What are the main functions of the circulatory system?
- Transports gases, nutrient molecules, and waste
- regulates internal temperature, transports hormones
- protects against blood loss, against diseases
What are the 3 main components of the circulatory system?
- the heart-pushes blood throughout body
- blood vessels-pathway for blood|
- blood-carries nutrients, hormones, gases and waste. O2+CO2 exchange
What are the pathways of the circulatory system and what do they dp?
- pulmenary circuit- transports blood to lungs to get O2
- systemic circuit: transports O2 rich blood to body
- coronary circuit: brings O2 rich blood to the heart
What are arteries?
-takes O2 rich blood away from heart, elastic walls, strong/thick,high pressure
What are veins?
-takes O2 poor blood back to heart, thin walls, not elastic, low pressure, have valves to prevent backflow
What are capillaries?
-where gases and nutrients are exchanged, smallest blood vessel. very think walls, single blood line
What is vasodilation?
the expansion of blood vessels, more blood cells
What is vasoconstriction?
constricting of blood vessels, less blood flow
How do veins prevent backflow?
- valves
- skeletal muscle contractions
What is atherosclerosis?
build up of plaque+ fat inside artery
causes higher blood pressure+ higher chance of artery rupture
What is the order of events of blood in the heart?
- vena cavae (No O2)
- right atrium
- tricuspid (AV) valve
- right ventricle
- semilunar valve
- pulmonary artery
- lungs (to get O2)
- pulmonary vein (now oxygenated)
- left atrium
- Bicuspid (AV) valve
- left ventricle
- semilunar valve
- Aorta—to rest of body
What is a heartbeat?
An electrical signal coming from the heart
How does a heart beat?
- sinoatrial node (SA)- at top of right atrium, pace maker, creates an electrical impulse,
- atrioventricular (AV) node—- bottom of right atrium, magnifies impulse, sends message to ventricles to contract
What are the order of events of a heart beat?
- SA node creates an impulse
- atria contract and pushes blood to ventricles
- AV node magnifies impulse
- ventricles contract
- semilunar valves open, blood leaves heart
What sounds do a heart make and why?
lub- atrium contracts, av valve slams shut, sound comes from blood colliding with closed valve
dub- ventricles contract, semi lunar valves slam shut, sound come from blood colliding with valves
What is blood pressure?
Normal bp: 120/80 mm/hg
120= systolic pressure, ventricles contract 80= diastolic pressure, ventricles relax
What would raise/lower BP?
raise: Stress, increased blood cells, increased heart rate, clogged arteries, vasoconstriction
lower: exercise, healthy diet, vasodilation
What us hypertension?
increased resistance to blood flow, vessels may rupture
What is thermoregulation?
too hot!- brain sends message to sweat glands, more sweat=more cooling- arteries vasodilate- more heat released from skin
too cold!- brain cases shivers,movement =heat–arteries vasoconstrict–less blood flows to extremities maintains more heat
What is the blood made up of?
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
What is plasma?
55 %, fluid portion, 92 % is H2O, dissolved gas, vitamins, hormones
What are red blood cells?
41%, AKA erythrocytes, carries O2 to cells, no nucleus=more SA, biconcave disc shape= more SA, contains hemoglobin (iron based protein that carries O2)
What are white blood cells?
12%, AKA leukocytes, do have nuclei, fights infections, sick= more WBC
What are platelets?
3%, fragments of cell in blood, blood clotting
What is bone marrow?
red blood cells, platelets, and most white blood cells are produced here
Would RBC count increase or decrease with a higher altitude?
Higher altitude= more RBC, because there is less oxygen therefore more blood cells needed to carry enough oxygen
How does blood clotting work?
- Injury! - platelets are atracted to site
- release enzyme called thromboplastin
- thromboplastin reacts with calcium to produce prothrombin
- becomes thrombin, which reacts with fibrinogen (protein)
- Produces fibrin (mesh that creates clots)
What is an embolism?
a blocked artery is caused by a thrombus (moved blood clot)
what are teh blood types and what do they contain?
A, B, AB, O (only receiving bloods antibodies attack antigens)
A
- Has A antigens
- Has B antibodies
B
- Has B antigens
- Has A antibodies
AB
- Has A/B antigens
- Has no antibodies (universal receiver)
O
- Has no antigens
- Has A/B antibodies (universal donor)
Why is pregnancy and Rh factor dangerous?
If the mother has a - rh and the second baby has a +rh, it can go wrong.
Blood mixes at birth, antibodies are created, 2nd baby gets attacked by antibodies if blood is Rh +
What is the first line of defense?
Non specific, cilia, tears, stomach acid, mucus, skin, eyelashes , coughing, sneezing, vomiting
What is the 2nd line of defense?
Non specific, uses white blood cells
Macrophage- phagocytosis engulf microbes
Neutrophil- chemotaxis: engulf microbes+releases enzymes
What is the 3rd line of defense?
Specific
Has lymphocytes- cells involved in producing antibodies that recognize an antigen
Two types :
B cell- produces antibodies, which attach to antigens and kill invaders
T cells- Helper- recognizes antigens, releases chemicals to alert B cells Killer- kills host cells Memory-retains info about invader Suppressor: slows the immune system
What is the order of events for the 3rd line of defence?
- Macrophage engulfs microbe
- invaders antigens are exposed
- helped T cells read/ identifies antigens
- helped T cells sends messages to B cells producing antibodies
- killer T cells attack invaders
- battle is won, suppressor T shuts off immune systems
- memory T cells remembers antibodies required for antigens
What is the pulmonary circuit?
Transports blood to lungs to get O2
What is the systemic circuit?
Transports O2 rich blood to body
Coronary circuit?
Brings O2 rich blood to heart
Which systems do white blood cells travel through?
Lymph system
Circulatory system
What is hypertension?
Increased resistance to blood flow, vessels may rupture
BLOOD CHARTTTTZZZZ
blood type can receive from can give to
A A, O AB, A
B B, O AB, B
AB A, B, AB, O AB
O O A, B , AB, O
RH factor
if a blood type is positive+ = has the antigen, has no antibodies. Can receive from + and -, can only give to _
If blood type is negative- = does not have antigen, has antibodies, can receive from -, can give to both - and +
What is/some examples of the first line of defense in our bodies?
Non specific, Cilia (nose hair), saliva/tears (antibacterial enzyemes), stomach acid, mucus (traps dirt/microbes), skin (acidic pH), eyelashes cluging sneexing vomtiting
What is/some examples of the second line of defense in our bodies?
Non specific, white blood cells
Macrophage– phagocytosis -engulfs microbes
Neutrophils– chemotaxis- engulf microbes+release enzymes
What is/some examples of the third line of defense in our bodies?
specific
Lymphocytes- cells involved in producing antibodies that recognizes antigens
B cell
-produce antibodies, kils invaders
T cells
- Helper- recognize antigens, release chemicals to alert B cells
- Killer- kills host cells (no fiter)
- memory- retain info about invader
- suppressor- slows/suppresses the immune system
