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Histo III > The Reproductive System: Gametogenesis: Sperm > Flashcards

The Reproductive System: Gametogenesis: Sperm Flashcards

1
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Gametes are haploid cells that combine to form new combination of genes

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2
Q

Gametogenesis: Male

A

Sperm
Ongoing in the testes

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3
Q

Where is sperm produced?

A

Testes

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4
Q

Gametogenesis: Female

A

Oocyte → Ova
Arrests during meiosis prior to birth

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5
Q

Where are oocytes produced?

A

Ovaries

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6
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

External to the main body cavity in the scrotum

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7
Q

Tunica Albuginea

A

Dense CT
Surrounds the seminiferous tubules

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8
Q

Tunica Vasculosa

A

Loose CT containing blood vessels
Found between the albuginea and tubules

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9
Q

Layers of the testes

A

Epididymis
Tunica Albuginea
Tunica Vasculosa
Seminiferous tubules - Tunica Propria

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10
Q

Tunica Propria

A

Layer of collagen fibers and myoid cells
Surrounds each seminiferous tubule
No fibroblasts

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11
Q

What are Myoid Cells?

A

Peritubular contractile cells
Similar to smooth muscle
Have alot of RER for collagen production

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12
Q

What is the function of myoid cells?

A

Contraction produces peristaltic waves that move spermatozoa and testicular fluid out of seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

Where are myoid cells located?

A

On the outside of seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

What are leydig cells?

A

hormone-producing interstitial cells (steriod)
surrounded by CT - between seminiferous tubules
Store a lot of lipid (foamy inside)

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15
Q

When are Leydig Cells active?

A

During early fetal development
Inactive until puberty

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16
Q

What activates Leydig Cells?

A

Gonadotropic pituitary hormones

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17
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Population of basal cells that divide (by mitosis) to produce additional gametes

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18
Q

What gametes are produced during mitosis of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogonia

19
Q

What stage of gametes are produced during Meiosis I and Meiosis II during spermatogenesis?

A

Primary and secondary spermatocytes

20
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary spermatocytes?

A

Primary have constricted chromatin
Secondary typically are not visible

21
Q

What are the haploid gametes produced by meiosis?

A

Spermatid

22
Q

What regulates spermatogenesis?

A

Sertoli cells

23
Q

Starting at Mitosis, what are the stages of Spermatogenesis and what gametes do they form?

A

Mitosis → Spermatogonia phase
Meiosis I and II → Spermatocytes phase
Spermatid phase
Residual bodies
Spermatozoa

24
Q

Why are Sertoli Cells called the “true” epithelium of seminiferous tubules?

A

All other cells present in the walls of seminiferous tubules are spermatogenic cells

25
Q

What are residual bodies?

A

Every part of early spermatids that won’t be present in final spermatozoa

26
Q

Where are spermatogonia located?

A

Closest to the basal lamina

27
Q

What are the stages of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. very few primary spermatocytes
  2. Release of late spermatids
  3. No late spermatids
  4. No early spermatids
  5. No early spermatids
  6. Anaphase in primary spermatocytes
28
Q

Why wont you see every stage in every area of a seminiferous tubule?

A

Spermatogenesis occurs in waves

29
Q

What is the difference between spermatogesis stages in mice vs. human?

A

Mice are segmented
Human are patchwork

30
Q

Describe Primary Spermatocytes histologically

A

Condensed chromatin
Speckled pattern

31
Q

Describe spermatogonia histologically

A

Closest to basement membrane
Round
Relativly evenly stained nucleus

32
Q

Describe the difference between early spermatids and late spermatids histologically.

A

Early Spermatids → rounder, lighter
Late Spermatids → Arrow head shape, darker

33
Q

What are Sertoli Cells? What are their function?

A

Supporting cells of seminiferous tubules
Regulate Spermatogenesis

34
Q

Receptors for what hormones are found on Sertoli Cells?

A

FSH and testosterone

35
Q

How do Sertoli Cells regulate spermatogenesis?

A

They keep the different stages seperate by extending processes between all spermatogeneic cells as well as to seperate developing sperm from the rest of the body

36
Q

Why do developing sperm need to be seperated from the body?

A

They arent there during fetal development so exposure may result in attack from the immune system.

37
Q

Describe the process of spermatid remodeling.

A
  1. Golgi forms acrosome - determining anterior pole
  2. Acrosomal cap forms - Flagellum extends into lumen
  3. Cytoplasm shifts to posterior as nucleus and acrosome shift to anterior
  4. Remove excess cytoplasm
38
Q

Late spermatids are connected to…

A

Sertoli Cells

39
Q

Where are spermatids produced/released from?

A

Sertoli cells

40
Q

How are spermatids released?

A

By cleavage of specific junctions to become spermatozoa

41
Q

What is the path spermatids follow after release from Sertoli Cells?

A
  1. Released from Sertoli Cell
  2. Travel through tubuli recti (straight tubules)
  3. Through the rete testis (series of channels)
  4. To the Ductuli Efferentes (akak the efferent ductules)
42
Q

What is the different between straight tubules and rete testis?

A

Straight tubules → found around seminiferous tubules, lined with sertoli cells (simple columnar epithelium); nuclei with prominant nucleuolus
Rete testis → found in mediastinum, simple cuboidal epithelium

43
Q

Where do all seminiferous tubules drain into?

A

Mediastinum

44
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Dense CT with blood vessels
Contains rete testis

Somewhat similar to hilum of other organs

Histo III (8 decks)

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