The Female Reproductive System Flashcards by Mary Kate Heard

Gametes are produced in the….

ovaries

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Fertilization takes place in the….

oviduct

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Implantation takes place in the…

Uterus

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_ is critical

Hormonal control

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The pituitary gland receives signals from the…

CNS

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FSH

Stimulates follicular development in the ovary and spermatogenesis in the testis

Secreted by basophils

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Regulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation
Stimulates steroid secretion by follicle and corpus luteum

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Oocyte release results from…

Increased V/P follicular fluid
Plasmin proteolysis of follicular wall
GAGs deposition
Smooth muscle contraction in theca externa

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Corpus Hemorrhagicum

Follicle walls collapse
Follicle lumen fills with blood from ruptured capillaries in the theca

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Corpus Luteum

Follicle walls fold
Blood is re-absorbed/digested
Granulosa cells and theca interna cells luteinize
Will support pregnancy if implantation occurs

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Corpus Albicans

No implantation
Granulosa and theca cells die
Replaced with collagen

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_ is the most active form of estrogen

Estradiol

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Production of estradiol requires activity from…

Both Theca Lutein Cells (TLC) ad Granulosa Lutein Cells (GLC)

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What is detected by most pregnancy tests?

human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

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What occurs during implantation?

Uterus halted in secretory phase
Placenta produces hCG
hCG will support Corpus luteum for 4-5 months

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_ follicle (s) is/are usually supported to ovulation

Only one

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What happens to the follicles that do not ovulate?

They undergo atresia

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What does an atretic follicle look like?

Apoptotic cell death
ZP often is seen as remnant (ZP but no cell)

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Fimbria

Finger like projections of the oviduct

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How does the oocyte get to the uterus?

The fimbra from the oviduct bind to the corona radiata
Ciliated cells move it into the oviduct

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How long is the oocyte viable?

24 hours

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What are the two cell types found in the oviduct?

ciliated cell
Nonciliated secretory cell (Peg Cell)

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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What is the difference between the oviduct and the seminal vesicle?

Oviduct - simple columnar ciliated epithelium with Peg Cells
Seminal Vesicles - Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/no peg cells or apical modifications - may see lipofusion

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T/F: Implantation is immediate

False

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What are the three layers of the uterine wall?

Inner: Endometrium Middle: Myometrium Outer: Perimetrium

Endometrium

Simple columnar epithelium Uterine Glands CT with blood vessels

Myometrium

Smooth muscle Stratum Vascularis

Perimetrium

Serosa OR Visceral Periotenum

Pregnancy halts the uterine cycle in the...

Secretory phase

_ act on the uterus

Ovarian hormones

Hormone produced by follicle prior to ovulation

Estrogen

Estrogen stimulates...

Proliferative phase

Hormone produced by corpus luteum

Progesterone

Progesterone stimulates...

secretory phase

What are the three phases of the uterine endometrium cycle?

Proliferative Secretory Menstrual

Which phase has an increased stratum functionale?

Proliferative

Which phase has increased gland length/sawtooth glands?

Secretory

What phase has reduced stratum functionale?

Menstrual

Sloughing of functionalis layer of endometrium Decrease in hormones induces growth factor withdrawal cell death Hemorrhage due to destruction of spiral arteries

Proliferative

Functionalis layer thickens

Secretory

Functionalis reaches full thickeness Helical arteries and uterine glands of the functionalis become highly coiled and lengthen sawtooth appearance

Hormones involved in Menstrual Cycle

Reduced levels of estrogens and progesterone

Hormones involved in Proliferative phase

Increased blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogen At the end of the proliferative phase, estrogen, FSH and LH blood levels peak

Hormones involved in secretory phase

Estrogen levels rise in the blood and progesterone blood levels peak FSH and LH blood levels are decreased

_ artieres are found in the endometrium. What is their function?

Spiral (or helical) Branched to provide nutrients to both layers

What is the function of the spiral shape of uterine vasculature?

Spiral shape increases blood volume to provide additional nutrients and fluid for glands

T/F: The stratum basale does not change substantially in the proliferative phase

True

T/F: The Menstrual cycle will always occur.

False

Which layer(s) are lost during the menstrual cycle?

Only the Stratum functionale

Hormone withdrawal causes...

Necrosis Dilation of arteries and glands Sloughing off of Stratum Functionale

What kind of epithelium is found in the vagina?

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

Transformation zone

Shifts over the person's lifetime Shifts from SCE and SSE

Where is the transformation zone during prepubescence?

Outside the external os

Where is the transformation zone during reproductive years?

in the canal

Where is the transformation zone during Postmenopause?

Outside the external os

Glands in the cervix produce...

mucus to protect tissue

Nabothian cysts

Dilated glands in the cervix

Cells in the vaginal wall are filled with...

Glycogen

Describe the vaginal wall

SSE is nonkeratinized Cells are filled with glycogen Lamina propria interdigitates with epithelium Muscle is smooth and not well organized No glands

What is the purpose of the interdigiation of the lamina propria and epithelium of the vaginal wall?

Increases resistance to abrasion

Placenta

Allows for blood exchange between mother and fetus

Placenta Structure - rewatch video i like missed this all

Nipple

Areola has substantial sebaceous glands Smooth muscle in CT forms circular sphincter

Lactieous ducts drain...

mammary gland lobes

What epithelium lines Lactiferous ducts?

Simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium Myoepithelial cells

Breast tissue in non-lactating women

Ducts are present There is virtually no secretory portion Most tissue is dense CT and adipose tissue

How does the breast change during pregnancy?

Inactive: Adipose tissue, lactiferous duct system, lactiferous sinus, opening of sinus Lactating breast: Adipose tissue, enlarged secretory lobules, elaborate duct system, myoepithelial cells, basal lamina, alveolar cell, milk lipids

Hormones secreted during pregnancy

Estrogen and progesterone Prolactin (pituitary) Gonadocorticoids (adrenal cortex)

When does milk release begin?

After Progesterone levels drop after birth

What are the two parts of secretion during lactation? What methods are they secreted by?

Milk fats (apocrine secretion) Milk Proteins (Merocrine secretion)