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Histo III > The Reproductive System: Gametogenesis: Ova > Flashcards

The Reproductive System: Gametogenesis: Ova Flashcards

1
Q

Gametes are produced in the _.

A

Ovaries

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2
Q

Fertilization occurs in the _.

A

Oviduct

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3
Q

Implantation takes place in the _.

A

Uterus

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4
Q

What is critical to the female reproductive tract?

A

Hormonal control

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5
Q

In oogenesis, the first meiotic division occurs in the _.

A

Ovary

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6
Q

In oogenesis, the second meiotic division occurs in the _.

A

oviduct

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7
Q

What happens during the second meiotic division of oogenesis?

A

Metapase arrest (prior to ovulation)

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8
Q

Meiosis does not complete unless…

A

The oocyte is fertilized

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9
Q

Oogenesis starts during _ and is halted until _.

A

embryonic development
puberty

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10
Q

How does the oocyte get into the fallopian tube (oviduct)?

A

The oviduct extends finger like processes with cilia that bind to the corona radiata on the follicle and helps bring the oocyte into the oviduct

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11
Q

Germinal Epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal outer layer

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12
Q

Why don’t oogonia need protection from the immune system like spermatogonia?

A

Oogonia are present during development

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13
Q

What happens to oogonia during fetal development?

A

Mitosis increases number of future oocytes
Most do not develop fully (atresia) - apoptosis surrounding cells

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14
Q

True or false: 80% of oocytes are destroyed before birth.

A

True

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15
Q

At birth, ovaries contain _ to _ primary oocytes.

A

600,000 to 800,000

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16
Q

What happens to oocytes during the first meiotic division?

A

They are arrested in prophase

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17
Q

Why do females have a finite number of oocytes?

A

Oognia do not continue to build oocytes after birth

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18
Q

What is the basic structure of a follicle?

A

Oocyte at the center
Zona Pellucida (very eosinophillic layer of glycoproteins)
Granulosa cells - supporting cells

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19
Q

The developing female gamete is known as the …

A

Oocyte

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20
Q

The mature female gamete is known as the…

A

Ovum (Ova)

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21
Q

Histologically describe the oocyte.

A

Very large cell containing large amounts of subceullar organelles
Project irregular microvilli into perivitelline space
Granulosa cells extend processes into same space

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22
Q

What is the perivitelline space?

A

Between the oocyte and the granulosa cells
where zona pellucida will form

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23
Q

What is the difference between the female gamete and male gamete?

A

The male gamete is mostly nucleus with some mictochondria for control of the flagellum

The female gamete is a very large cell containing large amounts of subcellular organelles with irregular microvilli

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24
Q

_ form the cumulus oophorus in the secondary follicle.

A

Granulosa Cells

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25
Q

What is the function of granulosa cells?

A

Support the oocyte

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26
Q

Cornoa Radiata

A

Layer of cells that surrounds the oocyte after release (ovulation)

27
Q

How do granulosa cells communicate with the oocyte?

A

Microvilli penetrate the zona pellucida and contact the oocyte microvilli - communicate through gap junctions

28
Q

General stages of follicular development

A
  1. Primordial
  2. Primary follicle
  3. Secondary Follicle
  4. Graafian Follicle
  5. Release
29
Q

What are primordial follicles?

A

Before birth
simple squamous
oocyte is immediately surrounded by squamous cells
every month some primordial follicles are activated and grow into primary follicles

30
Q

What is the difference between the two types of primary follicles?

A

Early - simple cuboidal
Late - stratified cuboidal

31
Q

What indicates a secondary follicle?

A

Antrum (space in granulosa cells)
Outer layers (theca) are visible
Multilayered

32
Q

What are the layers of a secondary follicle?

A

Granulosa Cells
Basement Membrane
Theca Interna
Theca Externa

33
Q

Histologically describe a mature secondary follicle

A

Oocyte surrounded by zona pellucida and cumulus oophorus
Antrum filled with fluid and Oocyte Maturation Inhibitor (OMI)

34
Q

Cumulus Oophorus

A

Stalk of granulosa cells the follicle structure sits on

35
Q

Oocyte growth is dependent on…

36
Q

Where are thecal cells located?

A

Surround follicle above granulosa

37
Q

Theca Interna

A

Hormone producing
cells produce estrogen precursors in response to LH

38
Q

Theca Externa

A

Outer layer of CT and smooth muscle

39
Q

Where is a graafian follicle located? What does it look like?

A

Closer to the outside of the ovary
Large antrum
Stratum Granulosa

40
Q

What are polar bodies? Where are they found?

A

Daughter cells of oocytes undergoing meiosis
Visible next to oocyte inside zona pellucida

41
Q

What happens to polar bodies?

A

They receive full complement of chromosomes but minimal cytoplasm
Eventually undergo apoptosis

42
Q

What causes oocyte release?

A

Increased V/P follicular fluid → increased pressure
Plasmin protelolysis of follicular wall
GAGs deposition in cumulus oophorus to seperate it
Smooth muscle contraction in the theca externa
Wall ruptures → oocyte flows out

43
Q

Fill in the Follicular Cell and Theca Folliculi information

Primordial

A

Follicular Cells: Single layer, squamous
Theca Folliculi: Not present

44
Q

Fill in the Follicular Cell and Theca Folliculi information

Unilaminar primary (early primary)

A

Follicular Cells: Single layer, cuboidal
Theca Folliculi: Not present

45
Q

Fill in the Follicular Cell and Theca Folliculi information

Multilaminar primary (late primary)

A

Follicular Cells: Several layers, cuboidal
Theca Folliculi: Present

46
Q

Fill in the Follicular Cell and Theca Folliculi information

Secondary

A

Follicular Cells: Several layers, cuboidal w/ follicular fluid in extracellular spaces
Theca Folliculi: Present

47
Q

Fill in the Follicular Cell and Theca Folliculi information

Graafian

A

Follicular Cells: Membrana granulosa; cumulus oophorus; coronoa radiata; atrum filled with liquor folliuli
Theca Folliculi: Present

49
Q

Fill in the Follicular Cell and Theca Folliculi information

Dominant Graafian

A

Follicular Cells: Membrana granulosa; cumulus oophorus; coronoa radiata; atrum filled with liquor folliuli
Theca Folliculi: Present

50
Q

The Pituitary Gland

`

A

Receives signals from the CNS
Sends signals to other endocrine glands and organs

51
Q

What hormones does the pituitary send to the reproductive systems in both males and females?

A

LH and FSH

52
Q

What do LH and FSH do in the testes?

A

LH → androgen secretion
FSH →Spermatogenesis

53
Q

What do LH and FSH do in the ovaries?

A

LH → ovulation
FSH → follicular development; estrogen secretion

54
Q

FSH

A

stimulates follicular development in the ovary and spermatogenesis in the testis

Released from basophils

55
Q

LH

A

Regulates final maturation of ovarian follicle, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation; in males, essential for maintenance of androgen secretion by the leydig cells of the testis

Secreted by basophils

56
Q

Male Hormones: testosterone

A

Secondary Sex characteristics
Reproductive System
Metabolic functions (growth, kidney)
Behavior (including libido)

57
Q

Where is testosterone made?

A

Leydig cells

58
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A

Surge of LH

59
Q

Female Hormones

Hormonal levels change over the course of a _ day cycle.

60
Q

What functions can changes in hormonal levels affect?

A

Oocyte release by ovaries
Uterine wall changes

61
Q

What is different about cycles of other animals?

A

Estrus (compare to the luteal phase)
Usually seasonal
Controlled by melatonin and the pineal gland

62
Q

What are the female hormones?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

63
Q

What is the male hormone?

A

Testosterone

64
Q

Estrogen and Progesterone

A

Secondary sex characteristics
Reproductive system
Lactation

Histo III (8 decks)

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