The Renal System Chap 31 Flashcards
1
Q
What does the renal system do
A
Filters waste, maintains fluids, maintains acid balance
2
Q
What does the renal system consist of
A
2 kidneys, bladder, urethra, 2 ureters
3
Q
How do the kidneys filter waste?
A
Waste exits kidneys as urine though the bladder, uterus, urethra
4
Q
How much can the average adult bladder hold?
A
350ml to 500ml, with 250ml being the point where you feel the need to void
5
Q
What is renal failure?
A
Kidney failure - STAT treatment
6
Q
What is urinary incontinence?
A
Can’t control bladder, does not hold urine
7
Q
Causes of urinary in continence
A
Chronic UTI, obesity, kidney infection, hysterectomy, child birth
8
Q
What are UTI’s
A
Bacterial infection
9
Q
Treatment for UTI
A
Antibiotic, cranberry juice, OTC AZO
10
Q
What does AZO do to the urine and what dose is it given in
A
AZO make urine red like there is blood in it, dose would be 200mg TID
11
Q
What drug are most commonly used to treat diseases of the renal system?
A
Diuretics - help flush system
Anti infective
12
Q
Anuria
A
Less then 100ml of urine per day
13
Q
Dysuria
A
Painful urination
14
Q
Hematuria
A
Blood in urine
15
Q
Nephritis
A
Inflammation of nephrons
16
Q
Oliguria
A
Decreased urine production, between 100-400ml / day
17
Q
Pyruia
A
Pus in urine
18
Q
Uremia
A
Urine in blood
19
Q
Kidney stone
A
Calcium build up
20
Q
_____ can b used to manage UTI symptoms of burning and itching urethras
A
Phenazopyridine
21
Q
The average dose for phenazopyradine is 200mg ____ pc.
A
TID
22
Q
___________ is decreased urine production (100 - 400 ml/day)
A
Oliguria
23
Q
_________ is pus or bacteria in the urine
A
Pyuria
24
Q
_________ is urine in the blood
A
Uremia
25
Kidney stones are also called?
Urolithiais
26
The stone or deposit build up in kidney stones is called
Calculus
27
All substances that help break down and dissolve waste in the urine
Citrate, magnesium, pyrophosphate, uric acid
28
Which population is most prone to kidney stones
Caucasian males between 30- 60 years of age
29
Conditions that contribute to kidney stones
Hypercalcemia, hypernatremia, hypocitraturia
30
Long term complications for diabetics that can lead to renal failure are
Kidney damage, bladder problems, UTI
31
Populations most prone to end stage renal disease
Native Americans and African Americans
32
Diabetics have a blood sugar goal of less than ______mg/dl
126
33
Generic name for Floxin
Ofloxacin
34
Generic nam for macrodantin
Nitrofurntoin
35
Generic name for sumycin
Tetracycline
36
Brand name for cofaclor
Ceclor
37
Trade name for cefpodoxime
Vantin & banan
38
Brand name for cephalexin
Keflex
39
Brand name for cefadroxil
Duricef
40
Renal system includes 2
Ureters
41
Each kidney is about the size of a
Fist
42
Right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney because of the location of the
Liver
43
Specific gravity of urine ranges between
1.006 - 1.03
44
Average pH of urine
6. With a range between 4.6 and 8
45
Substance produced by breakdown of hemoglobin and not normally found in urine
Bilirubin
46
Type of exercise can be beneficial for someone with urinary incontinence
Kegel exercises
47
Average dose for vesicare is
5-10 mg once daily
48
Red urine based on ingested items
Produced by beets, black berries, rifampin, some anticoagulants
49
Orange urine based on ingested items
Phenazopyridine
50
Green or blue/green urine based on ingested items
Amitriptyline, vit B complex
51
Brown/black urine based on ingested items
Levodopa, iron products
52
Filter system of kidneys are
Nephrons
53
Ureters are
Tubes connected to kidneys that allow urine to flow into bladder.
54
Urine is
Waste & by product filtered by kidney
55
Renal system offers life sustaining processes by
- filtration of waste from body
- removal of urine
- maintenance of water balance
- maintenance of electrolyte balance
- maintenance of pH or acid - base balance
56
Nephron
Smallest most basic part of kidney, the filter, there are about 1 million in each kidney
57
Nephrons enable blood to reabsorb
Water, electrolytes and nutrition
58
About _____% of blood is being filtered at any given moment, filtering about _____qts and producing about _____ qts of waste per day
25%
200qt
2qt
59
Waste is made up of
Excess fluid, minerals, toxic substances such as urea, and substances the body can not utilize
60
When nephrons fail to filter correctly what happens
Harmful toxic waste builds up in the kidney, which may then flow back into the blood stream causing a blood infection. Also causes retention of excess fluid, increasing blood pressure and reduction of red blood cells being produced
61
Filtration of kidney is called
Glomerulus
62
Glomerulus capsule
Houses and protects nephrons
63
Tubulars that the filtrate flow into from the glomerulus are divided into 3 sections
1. Proximal convoluted tube (PCT)
2. The loop of henle (LOH) also known as the loop of nephron
3. Distal convoluted tube (DCT)
64
Mineralcorticoids aldosterone (produced by adrenal cortex) does what
Facilitates and regulates secretion of K† cations in exchange for NaT cartons in the DCT
65
When aldosterone gets into receptors of distal tube K† ions are flushed out of the tubule along with
Urine into collecting duct and Na† ions are reabsorbed resulting in osmotic gradient
66
Osmotic gradient is
When there are not Na† ions in blood than in the urine or tubule (principle of where ever Na† goes, water follows) water will follow Na† in the blood creating higher blood volume
67
Tubular secretion serves to eliminate
K†, H†, weak acids, weak bases
68
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) system
Helps keep blood at proper pH, and is an enzyme needed to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into carbonic acid (H2CO3) which rapidly breaks down into H† and bicarbonic (HCO3)
69
Liberated H† acidity’s urine allowing free
HCO3 to absorb back into blood, reducing acidity by neutralizing metabolic and toxic waste
70
Metabolic acidosis occurs when
CA (carbonic anhydrase) is blocked
71
Acidosis
Excessive acid in body fluids
72
Keytone
Byproduct of fat metabolism
73
Urobilinogen
Substance produced by breakdown of bilinogen
74
Bilirubin
Substance produced by breakdown of hemoglobin
75
Normal to have about _____ml left in bladder after void
50ml
76
Micturiton reflex is the
Relaxation of urethral sphincter in response to increased bladder pressure
77
Higher specific gravity means
Higher concentration
78
Urine glucose, ketones, or protein are usually only present in urine with
Diabetes
79
Renal failure
Complete kidney failure
80
Prostatitis
Common in males
81
Incontinance - common in women - can also be caused by
Stress incon. - leakage during coughing, laughing
Urge incon. - overactive bladder, has little control
Over flow incon. - can not completely empty bladder and has constant leakage
Functional incon. - unable to make it due to mobility issues. Most common in elders
Mixed incon. - more than one form
An atomic incon. - physical abnormality
Temporary incon. - may be due to UTI, severe constipation, medication side effect
82
Treatment of incontinance could be
Kegel exercises, surgery, medication
83
Urinary retention
Inability to urinate - bladder is not able to release urine
84
Common causes of urinary retention
Blockage/obstruction
Disruption or damage to nerves that connect brain to urinary tract
Infection of pelvic area
Anesthetic effects during or after surgery
Drugs that act to tighten ureters and restrict urine flow.
85
Most common UTI’s
Cystitis / pyelonephritis
86
Cystitis
Inflammation of bladder, usually caused by E.coli a staphylococcus bacteria
87
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of kidney and upper urinary tract, usually caused by bacterial infection of bladder
88
Palliative treatment
Symptom reduction
89
Dialysis
Removes wast from blood of patient with renal failure
90
Kidney damage can lead to
HTN which then can lead to kidney failure, elevated BP can also lead to kidney damage
91
Diabetic health goals
Blood sugar less than 126 mg/dL
Hemoglobin A1C less than 7%
BP less than 130 / 80
92
Dehydration at
2% body weight loss reduces performance significantly
5% body weight loss causes heat exhaustion
7 - 10% body weight loss results in heat stroke or death
