Chapter 27 Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
The musculoskeletal system provides….
Frame work of human body
All body movement is coordinated between …..
The nervous system, bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, cartilage and tendons
Muscles are
Attached to bones and enable body movement (kinetics)
Skeletal muscles are voluntary where are the myocardium
Contracts rhythmically
Smooth muscles / visceral muscles are attached to or line
The organs
Muscle is
Specialized tissue that contracts when stimulated
Saromere is
One of the segments into which a fibril of striated muscle is divided
Myocyte are
The muscle cells
Bones are
Specialized form of dense connective tissue consisting of calcified intercellular substance that provides shape and support to the body
Cartilage is
Soft tissue lining joints; gives shape to ears and nose
Thick filaments
Made of protein called myosin, cylinder shaped and about 300 molecules of myosin per thick filament
Thin filaments are
Composed of 3 different proteins - actin, tropomyosin, troponin - look like strands of pearls twisted around each other
The 3 kinds of protein in thin filaments
Actin, tropomyosin, troponin
Muscular chemical switches that control interaction of actin and myosin during contraction of muscles are
Tropomyosin - long red like protein
Troponin - bead like protein complex
Chemical and physical interactions between actin and myosin cause
Sacromere length to shorten causing myocyte to concentrate
Main functions of muscles
Provide large and small movement, stabilize joints, maintain body posture, produce heat in body
Muscles produce ____% of the body’s heat by muscle contractions
85
Newborns have about _______ soft bones, eventually fusing together to form ______ adult bones.
300, 206
Some baby bones are made up of cartilage that slowly harden, by age
35 cartilage will have finished hardening into bone
5 bone categories
Flat, irregular, sesamid, short, long
Flat bones are
Generally more flat than round, ie rib bones
Irregular bones
Have no defined shape, ie vertebrae
Seasamoid bones
Cartilage and fibrous tissue mixed, these bones are found in joints and help lower friction and enhance joint movement, ie petella (knee cap)
Short bones
More cube shaped, ie carpals of the hand
Long bones
Most common bone, inside is divided into 2 areas the epiphysis (round end) and the diaphysis (main shaft)
An epiphysis is covered with
Smooth, slippery articulate cartilage, helping bone move easier against each other in joints. Inside is made of spongy or cancellous bone (criss cross strands of bone filled with bone marrow)
Bone marrow is
A spongy tissue inside of most bones, responsible for manufacture of red blood cells, some white, and platelets, also acts as a storage area for fat.
Diaphysis of a bone is the
Hollow core (medullary cavity) filled with red marrow as a child then yellow as an adult. Walls are made of a second type of bone called compact bone (harder / ore solid than spongy bone)
Osteoblasts are cells in the
Periosteum that make new bone to replace old bone cells (osteoclasts) and provide nourishment for bone
Red marrow is
Red, jelly like substance that contains blood cells and usually only found in the sternum, vertebrae, ribs, hips, clavicles, cranial bone.
Yellow marrow is a
Fatty yellow substance replaces red marrow in long bones of adults, does not produce blood cells, and has fewer pluriprotenial hematopoietics (stem cells) and those it doe have are inactive. Also contains more fat and less erythrocytes.
Functions of the bones:
Frame work / foundation of the body
Supports against gravity
Protects organs
Mechanical lever system for muscular system to allow movement
Stores calcium and phosphorus in the bone marrow, when calcium levels in blood are low bones release calcium to an adequate supply fo metabolic needs.
Osteomyelitis is
Bacterial infection inside bone that destroys bone tissue. Infection spread to bone from the blood.
Osteoporosis is
Bone brittleness due to lack of calcium. Estrogen helps keep calcium in the bone and blood, vitamin D is required for absorption of calcium.
Paget’s disease is
When bone breaks down more quickly then it grows, also grows back softer. Most common in skull, vertebra, hip, pelvis, leg bones.
Treatment for weak, fragile, or soft bones:
Estrogen is used for osteoporosis, bisphorsphonites and calcitron are used for Paget’s disease and osteoporosis.
How does the body get vitamin D from the sun?
Cholesterol in the skin and sunlight generate inactive form of vitamin D that becomes cholecalciferol. When released into the blood steam it becomes calcifediol where it is sent to kidney’s where it becomes an active form of vitamin D called calcitriol
Parathyroid and thyroid work together to ensure
Bone building and demineralization maintain homeostasis
Ligaments are
Strong fibrous bands of connective tissue that holds bones together.
Tendons are
Cord of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Joints are
The location where bones are connected to each other. Joints contain synovial fluid and cartilage
Synovial fluid is
A fluid that provides smooth movement by lubricating the cartilage
Bisphosphonates
Mini natural organic bisphosphonate salts fond in the body. Inhibiting bone resorption and osteoclasts activity and restoring bone mass and density
Two types of bisphosphonaes
Non-nitrogen side chain
Nitrogen side chain - more potent
Biophosphonates irreversibly bind and inactivate _________ and induce a ________ of the osteoclasts.
Osteoclasts, poptosis
Calcitronin is
Inbibitbon resorption, decrease the number of bone fractures from low bone enmity by increasing bone growth and the number and action of osteoblasts. Blocks bone mineral absorbing of osteoclasts ( bone cells), increasing calcium excretion by the kidneys, slows bone resorption. Effects are temporary.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)
Have a protective effect on the heart and bones but do not control hot flashes associated with menopause.
Bursitis
Inflammation of bursae, small fluid filled pouches between bones and ligaments.
Tendinitis
Inflammation of tendons
Myalgra
Muscle pain
Anemia
Failure of bone marrow to produce components of red blood cells
Leukemia
One of more white blood cells experience deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) loss or damage. Damage is then copied and passed on to subsequent generations of cells. These cells do not die off like normal, instead multiply and accumulate in the body.
Arthritis
Inflammation of joints
Rheumatoid arthritis
Progressive form of arthritis that has devastating effects on the joints, organs and because it causes by the immune system attacking the body itself. Characterized by inflammation of the cartilage around the joints that lead to a thickening and hardening of the synovial fluid. Eventually attacking organs.
Osteoarthritis
Progressive disease characterized by the break down of joint cartilage
Gout
Caused by the deposit of uric acid in the joints synovial fluid. A systemic disease caused by an excess or overproduction of uric acid from the body. A by product of nucleic acid, the body cannot use uric acid and is usually excreted though urine. Condition of having to much uric acid is called hyperuricemia.
Gout looks like
Needles, it is needle like uric acid crystals forming in the joints which irritate and cause arthritis like pain and inflammation that imitates osteoarthritis.
With gout, when leukocytes enter the area and attack the uric acid what happens?
Leukocytes lead to a lower pH in joint fluid, causing more uric acid to accumulate. High levels of uric acid occur when it is not filtered by the kidneys.
Acute gout is
The vicious cycle of inflammation that produces edema, redness, swelling and severe pain.
Chronic gout
Is characterized by uric acid slowly depositing in in soft tissue causing topi (the bulging, deformed joints of gout).
Uric acid may also collect in the
Urinary tract as kidney stones. Calcium pyrophosphate deposits rather than uric acid crystals.
