The Renal System Flashcards
Enumrate the organs of the renal/urinary system
Kidney’s
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
List the main functions o the kidney’s
Has excretory, regulatory and metabolic functions:
Removes waste and excess fluid
Maintains Fluid balance in the body
Synthesises hormones
True or false?: There are 2 kidney’s int the body
True
List the main function of the kidney’s
Filtration
Regulation of Blood volume
Regulation of osmolarity
Secretion of renin and erythropoietin
Maintenance of Acid- base balance
Synthesis of Vitamin D
Detoxification free radicals and drugs
Gluconeogenesis
What percentage of cardiac output goes to the kidney’s?
20 - 25%
Where are the kidney’s located?
In the lower abdomen on either side of the body
What is a capsule?
Tissue which covers entire kidney (outermost layer)
What is a cortex?
The outermost part of the kidney
What is are renal pyramids?
Cone-shaped structures of the medulla in the kidneys
What is a medulla?
Region of kidney which is light in colour and has an abundance of blood vessels and nephron tubules
Contains renal pyramids
What is a calyces?
Small funnel -shaped cavities formed from the renal pelvis
What is a calyces?
Small funnel -shaped cavities formed from the renal pelvis.
Peristalsis in the cayces propels urine into the renal pelvis.
What is a renal pelvis?
Forms expanded upper portion of the ureter
funnel shaped
is where 2 or more calyces converge
What structure supplied oxygenated blood to the kidneys?
Renal artery
What is the function of the renal artery?
t supply oxygenated blood to the kidneys
What is the function of the renal vein?
To transport filtered blood away from the kidney towards the heart
What structure transports filtered blood away from the kidneys towards the heart?
Renal vein
What are nephrons
Nephrons are the functional part of the kidney which filters the blood and produce urine as a result.
What is the functional part of the kidney?
Nephrons
What are the three parts of the renal tubule?
Proximal convoluted tubule
What are the three parts of the renal tubule?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
What is the volume of filtrate formed by both kidney’s per min called?
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
What is glomerular filtration rate?
he volume of filtrate formed by both kidney’s per min
True or false?: urine is a sterile liquid
True
Identify the 3 processes involved in the formation of urine
Filtration
selective reabsorbtion
secretion
Where is ADH produced and stored?
produced by the hypothalamus
stored in the pituitary gland
What does ADH do?
Increases permeability of cells in distal convoluted tube and collecting ducts
More water gets reabsorbed from renal tubules.
Therefore urine volume decreases
Where is aldosterone produced?
Adrenal gland
What does aldosterone do?
Stimulates cells in the collecting ducts to reabsorb sodium and chloride and secrete potassium.
This increases blood volume
Where is Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) produced?
myocytes of the atria of the heart in response to increased blood pressure
What does ANH do?
It is a powerful vasodilator
released in response to increased blood pressure
stimulate kidney’s to excrete Na and H2O from renal tubule
decreasing blood volume and pressute
What does parathyroid hormone do?
used in calcium regulation
Increases calcium levels when they get too low
Where is calcitonin produced?
used in calcium regulation
lowers calcium levels when they get too high
Which electrolytes and compounds are secreted during tubular secretion?
potassium hydrogen ions ammonium ions creatinine urea some hormones
Where is renin produced?
By juxstaglomerular cells in the kidneys
What does renin do?
involved in altering systemic blood pressure
Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1
Where is angiotensinogen produced?
by hepatocytes in the liver
How is angiotensin 1 transported to the lungs?
via the circulatory system
What enzyme converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2?
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
Where is ACE produced?
In the lungs
List some signs of dehydration
Low urine output
dry lips
Concentraed pee (dark yellow)
Rapid heart rate/ breathing
sleepiness/ lack of energy
How do you assess fluid balance?
By using a fluid blance chart
Where is erythropoeitin produced?
In the kidneys
What does erythropoeitin do?
Stimulate the production of red blood cells.
What is polyuria?
Condition where you produce excessive amounts of urine
What is Oliguria?
low output of urine
What is the function of the ureters?
to carry urine from the kidney’s to the bladder
What structure carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
ureters
What is the functions of the bladder?
reservoir for urine beore peeing
Which muscle contracts when urine is being released?
Detrusor muscles
Which muscle is under voluntary control?
External urinary sphincter
True/false?: The internal urinary sphincter is under voluntary control
false
True/false?: The external urinary sphincter is under voluntary control
True
What is the medical term for kidney stone or stones within the urinary tract?
urolithiasis
What is urolithiasis?
Kidney stones
What are the 3 processes involved in reabsorbtion?
osmosis
diffusion
Active transport
approximately how much blood enters the kidney’s every day?
190L
Where is cortisol produced?
the adrenal gland in the kidney’s
What feedback system maintains a relatively constant renal blood flow
tubolomerular feedback system
What does the tuboglomerular feedback system do?
it keeps renal blood flow relatively constant
What effect doe ADH have on the renal tubule?
increases the reabsorbtion of water from the collecting duct
What substances are not found in healthy urine?
Protein
bile pigments
glucose
What happens during micturition?
the urethra and pelvic floor relaxes
Which protein is responsible for the colloid oncotic pressure of plasma?
albumin
