The Real Test #3 Flashcards
Define Inflections
Grammatical markers attached to words to indicate tense, gender, number & the like, such as use of “ed” to mark past tense.
Define class inclusion
understanding that subordinate classes are included in larger, superordinate classes
3rd stage of cognitive development, during which children construct schemes that enable them to think logically about objects and events in the real world
Concrete Operational Stage
thinking that takes multiple variables into account
decentration
understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed
reversibility
a type of reasoning in which general principles are inferred from specific experiences
inductive logic
a type of reasoning, based on hypothetical premises, that requires predicting a specific outcome from a general principle
deductive logic
attachment of regular inflections to irregular words, such as the substitution of goed for went
overregularization
Positive statements about the underlying cause for helpful behaviour
Attributions
behaviour intended to injure another person or damage an object
Aggression
Aggression aimed at damaging another person’s self-esteem or peer relationships, such as by ostracism or threats of ostracism, cruel gossiping, or facial expressions of disdain
Relational Aggression
Aggression to get back at someone who has hurt you
Retaliatory Aggression
behaviour intended to help another person
prosocial behaviour
child’s ability to conform to parental standards of behaviour without direct supervision
self-regulation
Characteristics of Rejected Children–WITHDRAWN
- different from peers
- shy
- highly creative
- disliked by peers
Characteristics of Rejected Children–AGGRESSIVE
- disruptive
- uncooperative
- believe their peers like them
A global evaluation of one’s own worth
Self-Esteem
the ratio of mental age to chronological age; also, a general term for any kind of score derived from an intelligence test
IQ (Intelligence quotient)
A term Piaget used to describe the phenomenon wherein it took children some years to apply their new cognitive skills to all kinds of problems.
horizontal decalage
A type of reasoning in which general principles are inferred from specific experiences
Inductive Logic
A set of mental schemes, including reversibility, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and serial ordering, that enable children to understand relations among objects.
Concrete operations
The understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can go not only forward, but also in the other direction.
Reversibility
A type of reasoning based on hypothetical premises that requires predicting a specific outcome from a general principle
Deductive Logic
The understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity
Conservation
Big 5 Personality Traits
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- conscientiousness
- neuroticism
- openness/intellect
10 suggestions to help children achieve more mature levels of moral reasoning. (Psychologist Thomas Lickona)
- Require kids to give reasons for what they want.
- Play developmentally appropriate games with them.
- Praise them for observing social conventions
- Provide explanation when punishment is necessary
- Teach about reciprocity
- Give meaningful chores for importance and contributing
- Help & encourage them to base obedience on love rather than fear.
- Teach Religious & philosophical values
- Challenge egocentrism
- include them in charitable work
4 Popular Children Characteristics
- Physically Attractive
- Physically Larger
- Good at regulating emotions
- Good at assessing others feelings
4 Rejected Children–Withdrawn Characteristics
- Different from peers
- Shy
- Highly Creative
- Disliked by Peers
3 Rejected Children–Aggressive Characteristics
- Disruptive
- Uncooperative
- Believe their peers like them
2 Neglected Children Characteristics
- Prone to depression
- Lonely
Both twin studies and studies of adopted children show ______ _______ ________ on IQ.
Strong hereditary influences
Specific environmental interactions that foster higher scores (family and non-family related)
- Upper class homes
- Complex interesting environments
- Parents who respond warmly & appropriately to child’s behaviour.
- parents who talk often & ask questions rather than giving commands
Erikson emphasized the importance of ___________ in his psychosocial stages of development
internal drives & cultures
2 Stages of Erikson’s theory during the preschool years
- autonomy vs. shame
- initiative vs. guilt
this theory centers on the toddler’s new mobility & the desire for autonomy.
Autonomy vs. Shame (Erikson’s theory during the preschool years–psychosocial)
this theory involves new cognitive skills, ability to plan which accentuates his wish to take the initiative.
Initiative vs. guilt (Erikson’s theory during the preschool years–psychosocial)
Freud and Erikson believed that the key to the social development of 2 to 6 year olds is_______.
a) striking a balance between the child’s emerging skills and parents need for control
b) the successful development of peer relationships
c) whether toilet training goes smoothly
d) the ability of parents to give the child freedom to grow
a) striking a balance between the child’s emerging skills and parents’ need for control
Diana Baumrind focused on the following four aspects of family functioning: warmth or levels of nurturance, level of expectations or “Maturity demands”, clarity and consistency of rules, and _______.
a) communication
b) responsibilities
c) friendliness
d) standards
a) communication
Likely Behavioural Outcomes from Authoritarian Parenting Style
- Do less well in school
- low self-esteem
- less skilled with peers
- can become highly aggressive
Likely Behavioural Outcomes from Authoritative Parenting Style
- high self esteem
- more independent
- more self-confident
- better grades
Likely behavioural outcomes from Permissive Parenting Style
- children do worse in school
- more aggressive
- more immature
- less independent
Likely behavioural outcomes from Uninvolved Parenting Style
- most negative outcome
- more impulsive & antisocial
- much less achievement oriented
Which parental style is linked to the best outcomes for most children?
a) Permissive
b) Authoritarian
c) Authoritative
d) Oligarchic
c) Authoritative
4 Qualities of an Extraversion
- Active
- Assertive
- Enthusiastic
- Outgoing
Possible Temperamental Components of an EXTRAVERSION
- High Activity Level
- Sociability
- Positive emotionability
- Talkative
5 Qualities of an AGREEABLENESS Trait
- Affectionate
- Forgiving
- Generous
- Kind
- Sympathetic/trusting
Possible Temperamental Components of an AGREEABLENESS Person
- perhaps high approach
- positive emotionality
- Perhaps effort control
4 Qualities of an CONSCIENTIOUSNESS Trait-Efficient
- Organized
- Reliable
- Responsible
- Prudent
Possible Temperamental Components of CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
-Effort control/ task persistence
6 Qualities of NEUROTICISM
- Anxious
- Self pitying
- touchy
- tense
- unstable
- worrying
Possible Temperamental Components of a NEUROTICISM
- negative emotionality
- irritability
6 Qualities of OPENNESS/INTELLECT
- Artistic
- Curious
- Imaginative
- Insightful
- Original
- Wide Interests
OPENNESS/INTELLECT (Possible Temperamental Components)
- Approach
- Low inhibition
Which one of the following correctly illustrates inductive reasoning/logic?
a) Sally makes the following assumption based on these specific facts: her friend’s parents live in a mansion and have servants working for them; therefore, her friend’s parents are wealthy.
b) Understanding that a rose is a flower and that flowers are plants.
c) Thinking up examples that illustrate the concept of equality.
d) Knowing how to take a general principle and predict a specific outcome.
a) Sally makes the following assumption based on these specific facts: her friend’s parents live in a mansion and have servants working for them; therefore, her friend’s parents are wealthy.
The concrete-operations child is good at_____________
dealing with things she can see & manipulate or can imagine seeing or manipulating.
The concrete-operations child is not good with________
manipulating ideas, abstract concepts, or possibilities
Children who respond to deductive problems by________
generating ideas that are essentially copies of the things they already know about in the concrete world.
Autonomy vs. shame & doubt centers on the toddler’s new mobility & the desire for autonomy.
Autonomy vs. Shame (Erikson’s theory during the preschool years–psychosocial)
Initiative vs. Guilt new cognitive skills, ability to plan which accentuates his wish to take the initiative.
Initiative vs. guilt (Erikson’s theory during the preschool years–psychosocial)
Freud and Erikson believed that the key to the social development of 2 to 6 year olds is_______.
a) striking a balance between the child’s emerging skills and parents need for control
b) the successful development of peer relationships
c) whether toilet training goes smoothly
d) the ability of parents to give the child freedom to grow
a) striking a balance between the child’s emerging skills and parents’ need for control
Diana Baumrind focused on the following four aspects of family functioning: warmth or levels of nurturance, level of expectations or “Maturity demands”, clarity and consistency of rules, and _______.
a) communication
b) responsibilities
c) friendliness
d) standards
a) communication
Which parental style is linked to the best outcomes for most children?
a) Permissive
b) Authoritarian
c) Authoritative
d) Oligarchic
b) Authoritarian
Which one of the following correctly illustrates inductive reasoning/logic?
a) Sally makes the following assumption based on these specific facts: her friend’s parents live in a mansion and have servants working for them; therefore, her friend’s parents are wealthy.
b) Understanding that a rose is a flower and that flowers are plants.
c) Thinking up examples that illustrate the concept of equality.
d) Knowing how to take a general principle and predict a specific outcome.
a) Sally makes the following assumption based on these specific facts: her friend’s parents live in a mansion and have servants working for them; therefore, her friend’s parents are wealthy.
Children vary a lot in the amount of altruistic behaviour they show. Young children who show relatively more __________ & _________, are also those who __________ their emotions well.
empathy
altruism
regulate
True or false.
According to Strayer and Roberts, boys are generally more prosocial than girls.
False
Attributions are:
a) behaviours intended to help another person
b) behaviours intended to harm another person
c) positive statements about the underlying cause for helpful bheaviour
d) negative statements about the underlying cause of harmful behaviour
c) positive statements about the underlying cause for helpful bheaviour
4 examples of parental behaviour that contributes to prosocial behaviour
- providing a loving and warm climate
- providing prosocial attributions
- looking opportunities for children to do helpful things
- modelling prosocial behaviour
“if you hurt Susan, it will hurt her.” is an example of what
providing a ‘loving and warm climate’
“you’re so beautiful or you certainly do a lot of nice things for other people” is an example of what
providing prosocial attributions
an example of ‘looking for opportunities for children to do helpful things’
allow children to help cook, take care, of pets, make toys to give away, teach younger siblings
‘parents demonstrating consistency between when they say and what they do’ is an example of what
‘prosocial behaviour’
explain why egocentrism and conservation are considered limitations in the area of the child’s logic and reason.
- because the child tends to look at things entirely from their own point of view
- because they can’t understand that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity
- their understanding of reality is limited
recent evidence suggests that preschoolers are a great deal more cognitively sophisticated than Piaget thought:
give an example of how young children demonstrate the ability to understand that another person sees things or experiences things differently from the way they do
they adapt their speech to younger or handicapped children
recent evidence suggests that preschoolers are a great deal more cognitively sophisticated than Piaget thought:
give an example of how preschoolers understanding of emotion has challenged Piaget’s description of the young child’s egocentrism
child of 4 or 5 can understand another person feels sad if she fails or happy if she succeeds
the process of acquiring self-control requires ________.
a) the ability to role play
b) sensorimotor thought
c) shifting control from parents to the child
d) a rapid shift in maturity level on the part of the child
d) a rapid shift in maturity level on the part of the child
School-aged children will show the most dramatic increase in:
a) jumping ability
b) intelligence
c) running speed
d) fine motor coordination
d) fine motor coordination
According to Erikson, the psychosocial task of children between the ages of 6 and 12 is the development of ______, or the willingness to accomplish goals.
a) identity
b) industry
c) isolation
d) initiative
b) industry
True or false?
Personality assessment in middle childhood may be a useful way to identify factors that are associated with criminal behaviour in children
True
Children’s “Who am I?” responses become more ______ across middle childhood.
a) positive
b) rigid
c) focused on physical characteristics
d) complex and comparative
d) complex and comparative
A global evaluation of one’s worth is called
a) self-perception
b) self-esteem
c) self-concept
d) self-evaluation maintenance
b) self-esteem
Susan Harter suggests that self-esteem is influenced by the ________.
a) discrepency between who a child feels he ought to be and who he thinks he is
b) sum total of the assessments the child makes about his skills
c) addition of all the positive assessments minus the negative ones
d) relationship between physical abilities and cultural expectations
a) discrepency between who a child feels he ought to be and who he thinks he is
Which of the following statements describing others is an example of a behavioural comparison?
a) “She draws the best in our whole class.”
b) “He’s a real stubborn boy.”
c) “She is mean.”
d) “He is so kind.”
a) “She draws the best in our whole class.”
Which of the following statements describing others is an example of a psychological construct?
a) “Billy runs a lot faster than Jason.”
b) “Sarah is so kind.”
c) “Judy draws the best in our whole class.”
d) “Johnny cannot read as well as I can read.”
b) “Sarah is so kind.”
Connection between moral emotions (like guilt, shame and pride) and moral behaviour may depend on ______ development.
a) spiritual
b) cognitive
c) physical
d) social
b) cognitive
Which of the following is NOT one of the suggestions for encouraging moral reasoning?
a) encourage children to base obedience on fear
b) teach children about reciprocity
c) require children to give reasons for what they want
d) challenge children’s egocentrism
a) encourage children to base obedience on fear
Robert Selman suggested that elementary school children begin to view friends as persons who
a) are similar to them
b) play together
c) help and trust one another
d) will protect each other
b) play together
Physical aggression _____ across middle childhood in Canadian children
a) becomes even more common for girls
b) goes up dramatically for boys but down for girls
c) is directed more toward inanimate objects
d) becomes even less common
d) becomes even less common
Which of the following is an example of relational aggression?
a) “What a character.”
b) “Bite your tongue.”
c) “You’re stupid.”
d) “What’s your problem?”
c) “You’re stupid.”
