Test #4 Flashcards by lindsay mckenzie

individual likely to have both masculine and feminine personality traits

androgynous

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a set of beliefs about the causes of events

locus of control

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attributes the causes of experiences, such as school failure, to factors outside himself.

external locus of control

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view personal variables, such as ability and effort, as responsible for outcomes.

internal locus of control

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An __________ locus of control is sometimes part of a cluster personality variables that includes low self esteem, introversion, neuroticism dimensions of the Big Five

external

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knowledge and judgement acquired through education and experience

crystallized intelligence:

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the aspect of intelligence that reflects fundamental biological processes and does not depend on specific experiences

fluid intelligence

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the ability to fuse your identify with someone else’s without fear that you are going to lose something yourself

intimacy

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all the roles an individual occupies, all his or her relationships, and the conflicts and balance that exist among them

life structures

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age-related physical changes that have biological basis and are universally shared and inevitable

primary aging

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age-related changes that are due to social and environmental influences, poor health habits, or disease

secondary aging

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a person’s understanding of his or her enduring psychological characteristics

psychological self

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it first appears during the transition from early to middle childhood and becomes increasingly complex as the child approaches adolescence

psychological self

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includes both basic information about child’s unique characteristics and self-judgements about competency

psychological self

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during which adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract concepts

the fourth of Piaget’s stages

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seems to enable adolescents to understand figurative language such as metaphors to a greater degree.

Formal operational reasoning

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teenagers have 2 apparently contradictory tasks in their relationships with their parents:

to establish autonomy from them and to maintain a sense of relatedness with them.

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typical conflicts with parents during adolescence include:

chores; school; parent’s reactions

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true or false

parent-teen conflicts appear to cause more distress for parents than for adolescents

true

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teenagers’ underlying emotional attachement to their parents remain _______ on average

strong

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what is an appropriate summary of what adolescents need from their parents?

a psychologically safe base

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Erikson believed that adolescents’ tendency to identify with ________ groups was a defence against the emotional turmoil engendered by the identity crisis; In a sense, he claimed, teens protect themselves against unpleasant emotions of the identity crisis by merging their individual identities with that of a group. Ultimately, however, each teenager must achieve an integrated view of himself, including his own beliefs, goals and relationships.

peer

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while erikson appears to have been quite correct in saying that peers are a major force in shaping a child’s identify development, peer influence is neither __________ nor ___________

all-powerful nor uniformly negative.

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What is the relationship between age and the stages of moral development in Kohlberg’s theory?

Remarkable similar conclusions about the order of emergence of the various stages and about the approximate ages at which they predominate

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Sternberg's 3 components of love

1. intimacy - includes feelings that promote closeness and connectedness 2. passion - feeling of intense longing for union with the other person including sexual union 3. commitment to a particular other - often over a long period of time

4 crucial features for success in marriage

1. personality 2. attachment to family origin 3. emotional affection 4. conflict management

personality (crucial features for success in marriage)

especially important a high degree of neuroticism in one or both partners usually leads to dissatistaction and instability in the relationship

attachment to family of origin (crucial features for success in marriage)

nearly two thirds of a sample of about-to-be-married young ppl showed the same attachment category when they described their love relationship as when they descrived their relationship with their parents

emotional affection (crucial features for success in marriage)

characteristics of the emotional bond that holds a couple together. influence the unique pattern of interaction that develops in each intimate relationship

conflict management (crucial features for success in marriage)

3 different types of stable or enduring marriages: 1. validating couples 2. volatile couples 3. avoidant couples

the beginning of menstrual cycles

menarche

Changes that include growth of testes and penis in the male and of the ovaries, uterus and vaginal in the female

primary sex characteristics

Crucial in the formation of male genitals prenatally; also triggers the sequence of changes in primary and secondary sex characteristics at puberty in males

testosterone:

Changes that include breast development in girls, changing voice pitch and beard growth in boys, and the growth of body hair in both sexes

secondary sex characteristic

Releases the hormone thyroxine and contributes to normal brain development and overall rate of growth

thyroid gland

A form of estrogen; involved in the development of the menstrual cycle and breasts in girls

estradiol

The gland that triggers other glands to release hormones; it is sometimes called the "master gland"

pituitary gland

Releases the hormone adrenal androgen; involved in the development of secondary sex characteristic in girls

adrenal gland

This gland is only found in boys secrets testosterone

testes

This gland only found in girls secretes a form of estrogen called estradiol

ovaries

The rate of growth is governed largely by thyroid stimulating hormone and general _______ hormone.

growth

Teenagers have two, apparently contradictory, tasks in their relationships with their parents:

to establish autonomy from them and to maintain a sense of relatedness with them.

__________ adults perform better than do the middle-aged or old on virtually every physical measure.

Young

In _________ adulthood, individuals turn away from the preoccupation with self-definition that is characteristic of adolescence and take on a series of roles that involve new relationships with other people.

early

vision - mid 40s

lens of eye thickens and loses accommodative power, resulting in poorer near vision and more sensitivity to glare

hearing - 50 to 60s

loss of ability to hear very high and very low tones

smell - about age 40

decline in ability to detect and discriminate among different smells

taste

no apparent loss in taste discrimination

muscles - about 50

loss of muscle tissue, particularly in "fast twitch" fibbers used for bursts of strength or speed

bones - mid 30s

loss of calcium in bones called osteoporosis; also wear and tear on bones is marked after or about age 60

according to Piaget, the adolescent is in the formal operational cognitive stage and: a) engages in more sophisiticated concrete logic than ever before b) is able to consider possible occurrences more than before c) still cannot demonstrate adult-like logic d) still shows irregularities in approaches to problem-solving

b) is able to consider possible occurrences more than before

Formal operation reasoning seems to enable adolescents to understand __________, such as ______________ to a greater degree

figurative language | metaphors

which of the following statements about formal operational reasoning is true? a) Piaget was overly pessimistic about adolescents' thinking abilities b) people develope formal operational thinking even if their life situations or cultures do not require it c) in adulthood, rates of formal operational thinking decrease with education d) Piaget was overly optimistic about adolescents' thinking abilities

d) Piaget was overly optimistic about adolescents' thinking abilities

An androgynous individual is likely to: a) be homosexual b) have more feminine than masculine personality traits c) have both masculine and feminine personality traits d) have neither masculine and feminine personality traits

c) have both masculine and feminine personality traits

In this level of morality, the child's judgements are based on sources of authoritiy who are close by and physically superior - usually the parents: a) preconventional morality b) conventional morality c) post-conventional morality d) ultra-post-conventional morality

a) preconventional morality

At the level of __________, judgements are based on an integration of individual rights and the needs of society: a) preconventional morality b) conventional morality c) post-conventional morality d) superior-post-conventional morality

c) post-conventional morality

At the level of __________, rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs becomes the basis of moral judgements, whether that group is the family, the peer group, a church, or the nation a) preconventional morality b) conventional morality c) post-conventional morality d) ultimate-post-convetional morality

b) conventional morality

Teenagers' underlying emotional attachement to their parents remain _______ on average a) weak b) strong c) non-existent d) flawed

b) strong

Which of the following is an appropriate summary of what adolescents need from their parents? a) to be left alone to figure out who they are b) money, money and more money c) a psychological safe base d) a firm, consistent set of rules and disciplines

c) a psychological safe base

What appears to be the primary function of peer groups in adolescence? a) mutual play and learning about the world b) a comparison group for judging one's uniqueness c) a vehicle for making the transition into adulthood d) a buffer against the negativity felt toward parents

a) mutual play and learning about the world

The early adulthood years are from ages _____ to ______. a) 20-30 b) 20-40 c) 25-40 d) 25-45

b) 20-40

IQ scores remain_____ across middle childhood, adolescence and early adulthood a) quite low b) quite high c) quite stable d) flexible

c) quite stable

Which of the following is an example of fluid intelligence? a) reaction time test b) technical job skill c) knowledge about your culture d) the ability to read

a) reaction time test

For Erikson, the central crisis of early adulthood is ________. a) industry vs. inferiority b) identity vs. role confusion c) intimacy vs. isolation d) integrity vs. despair

c) intimacy vs. isolation

The ability to fuse your identify with someone else's without fear that you are going to lose something yourself, is the definition of ______. a) selflessness b) intimacy c) generativity d) role confusion

b) intimacy

All the roles an individual occupies, all his or her relationships, and the conflicts and balance that exist among them is called _____ a) a life structure b) intimacy c) homogamy d) a kin-keeper

a) a life structure

In early adult life, each of us creates a social network made up of: a) friends b) family c) our life partner d) all of the above are correct

d) all of the above are correct

What generally happens to a young adult's attachement to his or her parents when the young adult seeks to establish his or her own households? a) attachment to parents ends b) attachment to parents becomes central c) attachment to parents continues, but is less central d) it depends on the sex of the young adult

c) attachment to parents continues, but is less central

True or false. | Cross-sex friendships are more common than same-sex friendships in young adulthood.

true

Young adults' friends are overwhelmingly drawn from: a) their families b) their co-workers c) those older than themselves d) their own age group

d) their own age group

Which of the following statements about adult friendships appears to be true? a) men are generally less satisfied with their friendships than women b) men's friendships involve a lot more social support than women's friendships c) women have fewer friends, but they are very close to them d) there tends to be no real significant differences in men's and women's friendships

a) men are generally less satisfied with their friendships than women

nervous system - probably gradual throughout adulthood

some loss of neurons in the brain; gradual reduction in density of dendrites; decline in total brain volume and weight

immune system - adolescence

loss in size of thymus; reduction in number and maturity of T cells; may be stress-related

reproductive system - mid 30s (women) and mid 40s (men)

increased reproductive risk and lowered fertility in women; gradual decline in viable sperm (about age 40) and decline in testosterone (from early adulthood)

height

compression of disks in the spine, resulting loss of 2.5-5 cm by age 80

weight

weight reaches a max. in middle adulthood then gradually declines into old age

hair

thinner and grey

LEVEL I OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT is called this:

Preconventional

LEVEL I OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT is described as this:

- child decides what is wrong on basis of what is punished | - child and teen follow rules when in their own immediate interest

LEVEL II OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT is called this:

Conventional

LEVEL II OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT is described as this:

- being good becomes important for own sake | - one should fulfill duties one has agreed to & uphold laws

LEVEL III OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT is called this:

Postconventional

LEVEL III OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT is described as this:

- acting to achieve the greatest good for greatest number | - develop & follow self-chosen ethical principles in determining what is right