TEST #1 Flashcards
1
Q
single cell created when sperm & ovum unite
A
ZYGOTE
2
Q
Freud’s defence mechanism in which the person blocks from consciousness feelings or experiences that cause anxiety
A
REPRESSION
3
Q
Specialized organ that allows substances to be transferred from mother to baby without blood mixing
A
PLACENTA
4
Q
a positive consequence that follows a behaviour that ENCOURAGES it
A
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
5
Q
a negative consequence that follows a behaviour that ENCOURAGES it
A
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
6
Q
any immediate consequence that follows a behaviour that DISCOURAGES it
A
PUNISHMENT
7
Q
Freud’s term for the part of personality that is the moral judge (angel conscience)
A
SUPEREGO
8
Q
the thinking part of personality according to Freud (person)
A
EGO
9
Q
part of personality that motivates person to seek pleasure & pain (devil conscience)
A
ID
10
Q
span of months or years during which a child may be responsive to experiences & the absence of certain experiences
A
SENSITIVE PERIOD
11
Q
specific period in development when person is sensitive to presence or absence of certain experiences
A
CRITICAL PERIOD
12
Q
group of individuals who share same historical experiences at the same time in their lives (9/11 or World War)
A
COHORT
13
Q
growth that proceeds from the middle of the body outward
A
PROXIMODISTAL PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
14
Q
growth that proceeds from the HEAD downward
A
CEPHALOCAUDAL PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
15
Q
oxygen deprivation experienced by the fetus during labour and/or delivery
A
ANOXIA
16
Q
substances such as viruses and drugs that can cause birth defects
A
TERATOGENS
17
Q
pattern inheritance in which genes influence a trait
A
POLYGENIC TRAITS
18
Q
changing a scheme as a result of some new info
A
ACCOMMODATION
19
Q
process of using schemes to make sense of events or experiences
A
ASSIMILATION
20
Q
internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with a procedure to follow in a specific circumstance
A
SCHEMES
21
Q
the reinforcement of intermediate steps until an individual learns a complex behaviour
A
SHAPING
22
Q
learning to repeat or stop behaviours because of their consequences
A
OPERANT CONDITIONING
23
Q
learning that results from the association of STIMULI
A
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
24
Q
the view that defines development in terms of behaviour change caused by ENVIRONMENTAL influences
A
BEHAVIOURISM
25
PREJUDICIAL VIEW OF OLDER ADULTS that characterizes them in negative ways
AGEISM
26
scientific study of age-related changes in our bodies, behaviour, thinking, emotions, social relationships and personalities
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
27
average ages at which development MILESTONES are reached
NORMS
28
the theory that development results from complex reciprocal interactions between multiple PERSONAL & ENVIRONMENTAL factors
INTERACTIONIST MODEL
29
some system of MEANING and CUSTOMS, including values, attitudes, goals, laws, beliefs, etc. SHARED by some identifiable group & influences ideas about what normal development is
CULTURE
30
learning that results from SEEING A MODEL, reinforced or punished for a behaviour
MODELLING
31
process of learning to cope & react in an EMOTIONALLY APPROPRIATE way
MATURATION
32
VULNERABILITY & RESILIENCY
- each child is born with vulnerabilities (eg. emotional irritability, alcoholism, etc.)
- each child is born with resiliencies - protective factors (eg. high intelligence, good coordination, easy temperament)
33
FREUD'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO DEV. PSYCH
- behaviour is governed by both conscious and unconscious processes
- human personality has 3 parts: id, ego, superego
- defence mechanism
- libido
- psychoanalytical theory
- psychosexual stages
34
NATURE-NURTURE DEBATE
debate of whether early development is the result of forces outside the person (experiential factors) or forces inside the person (biological factors)
35
ERIKSON'S THEORY
- resulted from interaction between internal drives and cultural demands
- continued through entire lifespan
36
DOMINANT-RECESSIVE GENETIC TRANSMISSION
- if a child receives a single dominant gene for a trait from one parent, the child's phenotype will be determined by that gene
- if a child is to display a phenotype determined by a recessive gene, they would need to have received that gene from both parents
37
EVENTS LEADING TO CONCEPTION
if intercourse occurs during the crucial few days of cycle, one of millions of sperm may travel full distance of vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube & penetrate the wall of the ovum
38
FIRST TRIMESTER
- begins when zygote implants itself int he lining of the woman's uterus
- breasts begin to enlarge
- abdomen begins to thicken
39
SECOND TRIMESTER
- weeks 12 - 24
| - mother experiences increased appetite, fetal movements and expansion of uterus
40
THIRD TRIMESTER
- week 25 - labour
| - pronounced weight gain and abdominal enlargement
41
STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT: GERMINAL
- day 1 - implantation
- conception forms zygote
- zygote burrows into lining of uterus
- formation of special cells for placenta, umbilical cord and embryo
42
STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT: EMBRYONIC
- weeks 3 - 8
- formation of embryo organ systems
- form during 6-week period following implantation
43
STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT: FETAL
- weeks 9 - birth
- fetus grows
- gender id by week 12
- change in brain and lungs by week 24
- last 8 weeks fetus can hear & smell
- learning is also possible
44
STAGES OF LABOUR: STAGE 1
- includes 2 important periods: dilation and effacement
| - includes 3 phases: early labour, active labour & transitional
45
STAGES OF LABOUR: STAGE 2
when the baby is pushed out
46
STAGES OF LABOUR: STAGE 3
delivery of the placenta
47
A span of months or years during which a child may be particularly RESPONSIVE to specific forms of experience or particularly influenced by their absence.
SENSITIVE PERIOD
48
Development that DEVIATES from the typical development pathway in a way that is harmful to the individual
ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT
49
Changes that are COMMON to every individual in a species and are linked to specific ages.
UNIVERSAL CHANGES
50
A set of norms that defines a sequence of life experiences that is considered normal in a given culture and that all individuals in that culture are expected to follow.
SOCIAL CLOCK
51
A group of individuals who share the same historical experiences at the same time in their lives
COHORT
52
A specific period of development when an organism (a person) is especially sensitive to the presence (or absence) of some kind of particular experience.
CRITICAL PERIOD
53
Changes that are shared by all individuals who grow up together in a GROUP
GROUP CHANGES
54
Changes that result from unique, unshared events
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
55
Events/experiences occurring at expected times for an individual's culture or cohort
ON-TIME EVENTS
56
Events/experiences occurring at unexpected times for an individual's culture or cohort
OFF-TIME EVENTS
57
Describe some system of meaning and customs, including values, attitudes, goals, laws, beliefs, etc… shared by some identifiable group and influences ideas about what normal development is.
CULTURE
58
Control some specific characteristic and it always appears in the same place (the locus) on the same chromosome in every individual of the same species.
GENE
59
Composed of molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid
CHROMOSOME
60
Chemical material that makes up chromosomes and genes
DNA
61
These are segments of chromosomes and each one influences a particular feature or developmental pattern
GENE
62
The location of gene that determines blood type can be found ________________________ 9
CHROMOSOME
63
The observed characteristics of the person.
PHENOTYPE
64
The genetic material received from the mother and the father.
GENOTYPE
65
Observable sexual characteristics.
PHENOTYPE
66
Eye colour (not specific eye colour)
GENOTYPE
67
Fraternal twins are also known as monozygotic twins. True or false?
FALSE
68
This condition is signalled by a sudden increase in blood pressure and can cause a pregnant woman to have a stroke.
TOXEMIA OF PREGNANCY
69
A physical condition in which a woman's body is nurturing a developing embryo or fetus.
PREGNANCY
70
Pregnancy is customarily divided into ______________________________, 3 periods of three months each.
TRIMESTERS
71
Monthly urine tests check for this condition and the babies of these mothers with this condition may grow too rapidly leading to premature labour or a baby who is too large for vaginal delivery.
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
72
The process that transforms a zygote into a newborn; also known as gestation.
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
73
A common early symptom of pregnancy characterized by feelings of nausea and often accompanied by vomiting.
MORNING SICKNESS
74
A zygote that implants in one of the fallopian tubes instead of in the uterus, which requires early surgical removal.
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
75
About 15% of pregnancies end this way; also known as a miscarriage.
SPONTANEOUS ABORTION
76
In the 3rd trimester, the woman's breasts may begin to secrete a liquid substance in preparation for nursing a child.
COLOSTRUM
77
```
The philosophy that proposes that adults can mold children into whatever they want them to be is called:
A) morality
B) the blank slate
C) original sin
D) innate goodness
```
B
78
```
The term used to describe the average age which milestones happen:
A) norms
B) baby biographies
C) case studies
D) cohort effect
```
A
79
```
Genetically programmed sequential patterns of change are called:
A) growth
B) maturation
C) learning
D) development
```
B
80
By far the most negative outcome for a child is the result of a
A) highly vulnerable child
B) poor or unsupportive environ
C) combination of high vulnerability & poor environment
D) combination of low vulnerability & unsupportive environment
C
81
What is meant by the study of human development?
To produce observations & explanations that can be applied to as wide a range of human beings as possible
82
What are the three domains of development?
Physical
Cognitive
Social
83
Unconditioned stimuli
A stimulus that automatically & naturally causes an unlearned & natural response
84
Conditioned stimuli
A stimulus that does not ordinarily or naturally cause a response
85
Conditioned response
A response caused by a conditioned stimulus
86
Unconditioned response
An automatic, natural, unlearned response to a particular stimulus
87
Fear of teddy bear
Conditioned response
88
Fear of a loud noise
Unconditioned response
89
Loud noise
Unconditioned stimulus
90
A teddy bear
Conditioned stimulus
91
The reinforcement of intermediate steps until an individual learns the entire, complex behaviour.
Shaping
92
Adding a pleasant consequence that follows a behaviour & increase the chances that the behaviour will occur again
Positive reinforcement
93
The gradual elimination of a behaviour through repeated non-reinforcement.
Extinction
94
Any immediate consequence that follows a behaviour & increases the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated
Reinforcement
95
Taking away an unpleasant condition that follows a behaviour & increases that the behaviour will occur again
Negative reinforcement
96
Any immediate consequence that follows a behaviour & decreases the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated
Punishment
97
If she cleans her room she doesn't have to do the dishes
Negative reinforcement
98
If she cleans her room she can go to the movies
Positive reinforcement
99
If she does not clean her room, she cannot watch tv
Punishment
100
What are gametes
Sex cells
101
Every cell in the human body contains ______ pairs of chromosomes
23
102
Fraternal twins are known as monozygotic twins.
| True or false
False
103
Identical twins are known as dizygotic twins.
| True or false
False
104
Begins at the 25th week of pregnancy to the beginning of labour.
Third tri
105
What are the two developmental patterns that characterize prenatal development.
Cephalacaudal pattern
Proximal pattern
106
Who are more vulnerable to all kinds of prenatal problems & birth defects, boys or girls?
Boys
107
Many disorders appear to be transmitted through the operation of ______ and _____ genes.
Dominant and recessive
108
The genes that cause ____________ disorders are found on the X chromosomes
Sex linked
109
True or false
A chromosomal error is know as a chromosomal anomaly?
Trye
110
A condition in which too many or too few chromosomes is referred to as ____________ or__________.
Chromosomal error or chromosomal anomaly
111
A ___________is a condition in which a child has three copies of a specific autosome
Trisomy
112
At what age does the risk for complications in pregnancy increase significantly?
35
113
Fraternal twins are known as
Dizygotic
114
Identical twins are known as
Monozygotic
115
At birth which parts of the brain are the most developed & what functions do they regulate?
Midbrain & medulla -> regulate vital functions
116
Which part of the brain is least developed and which functions are involved?
Cortex -> perception, body movement, thinking, language
117
Which two basic cells are brain structures composed of?
Neurons & glial
118
Connections between neurons
Synapses
119
Process by which unused or unnecessary pathways & connections are eliminated?
Synaptic pruning
120
Brains ability to change in response to experience?
Neuroplasticity
121
Part of the brain responsible for keeping your attention & sorting important/unimportant info
Reticular formation
122
Humans are born with many _________that help them ________
Adaptive reflexes , survive
123
Day/night sleep rhythms
Circadian rhythms
124
Neonates sleep as much as ______% of the time
80
