Test #2-Dev Psych Flashcards
Understanding that objects continue to exist when they can’t be seen.
Object Permanence
Inborn predispositions, such as activity level, that form the foundations of personality
Temperament
an infant’s awareness that she or he is a separate person who endures through time and space and can act on the environment
Subjective Self
A decline in attention that occurs because a stimulus has become familiar
Habituation
“getting used to a stimulus
Habituation
Organization of experiences into expectancies, called schemas, which enable infants to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar stimuli
Schematic Learning
Schematic learning assumes that….
a)babies attempt to categorize their experiences
b) children cannot learn unless the information if organized for them
c) babies will only learn if they are reinforced for exploring.
d) learning is sequential and orderly.
a)
Phrases or sentences consisting of words and guestures
Halophrases
Usually occurring between 12 and 18 months of age
Halophrases
Piaget’s 1st stage of development, in which infants use information from their senses and motor actions to learn about the world.
Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development
- use of built-in schemes or reflexes such as sucking/looking
- primitive schemes begin to change through small steps of accommodation.
- Limited imitation, no ability to integrate info from several senses
0-1 Months
- Further accommodation of basic scheme.
- Beginning coordination or schemes from different senses, baby now looks toward a sound and sucks on anything.
- Baby does not yet link his body actions to results outside of his body.
1-4 Months
- baby becomes much more aware of events and makes them happen again in kind of trial-and-error learning.
- begin to understand the “object concept” can also be detected in this period.
4-8 Months
- Clear, intentional means-end behaviour.
- The baby not only goes after what she wants but also may combine 2 schemes to do so, such as moving pillow aside to reach toy.
- Imitation of noel behaviours, transfer of info from 1 sense to another.
8-12 Months
-Experimentation begins in which the infants tries out new ways of playing with or manipulating objects very active, very purposeful trial-and-error exploration.
12-18 Months
- Development of use of symbols to represent object or event.
- DIffered imitation can occur only after this point because it requires the ability to represent internally the event to be imitated.
18-24 Months
Object permanence happens in what stage?
Sensorimotor
A child points to Daddy’s show and says, “Daddy”. This is an example of:
a) Referential Style
b) Expressive Style
c) Holophrase
d) Personification
c) Holophrase
Emotional tie to an infant experienced by a parent.
Affectional Bond
Emotional tie to a parent experienced by an infant, from which the child derives security.
Attachment
A mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviours shared by a parent and a child.
Synchrony
Infant shows little exploratory behaviour.
Ambivalent Attachment
Infant seems confused and apprehensive.
Disorganized/disoriented attachment
Infant readily separates from the parent.
Secure Attachment
Infant is greatly upset when separated from the mother and is not reassured by her return or efforts to comfort him.
Ambivalent Attachment
Infant avoids contact with the parent
Avoidant attachment
Infant shows contradictory behaviour, such as moving toward the mother while looking away from her.
Disorganized/disoriented attachment
Infant shows no preference for the parent over other people.
Avoidant Attachment
Infant seeks proximity to parent when stressed and uses the parent as a safe base for exploration.
Secure Attachment
Ambivalent, Avoidant, Disorganized/disoriented, are all types of __________attachment.
Insecure
One who is able and willing to form an emotional attachment to the infant.
Emotional Availability
Being sensitive to the child’s verbal and nonverbal cues and responding appropriately.
Contingent Responsiveness
Pattern seems to occur when the mother is overly intrusive or overly stimulating toward the infant
Avoidant
More common when the primary caregiver is inconsistently or unreliably available to the child.
Ambivalent
Likely when the child has been abused and in families in which either parent had some unresolved trauma in his/her own childhood
Disorganized/Disoriented
Proximity Promoting Behaviours: Actions that signal their needs draw the attention of others, such as crying.
Phase One of Attachment Development.
Birth to 3 months
Babies direct their “come here” signals to fewer people, typically those with whom they spend the most time, and are less responsive to unfamiliar people.
Phase Two of Attachment Development.
3-6 Months
True Attachment emerges. Babies show what is called “proximity seeking behaviours”. Clinging to caregivers.
Phase 3 of Attachment Development.
6-24 Months
How do temperament and personality differ?
a)Temperament is an emotional foundation for personality.
b) They mean essentially the same thing.
c) Personality develops first and temperament develops later.
d) Temperament disappears in early life and is replaced by personality.
a) Temperament is an emotional foundation for personality.
- Activity Level
- Rhythmicity
- Approach/Withdrawal
- Adaptability to new experience
- Threshold of responsiveness
- Intensity of reaction
- Quality of mood (positive or negative)
- Distractibility
- Persistence
9 Dimensions of temperament
Refers to an infant’s tendency either to move often and vigorously or to remain passive or immobile.
Activity Level
A tendency to move toward rather than away from new people, things, or objects, usually accompanied by positive emotion.
Approach/Positive emotionality
Tendency to respond with fear or withdrawal to new people, situations.
Inhibition
Tendency to respond to frustrating circumstances with anger, fussing, irritability.
Negative Emotionality
Ability to stay focused
Effortful control/task persistence
Newborns respond differently to all 4 basic flavours.
Newborn’s sense of taste
Can differentiate between complex smells, can identify familiar odours, can discriminate smell of mother from another woman.
Newborn’s sense of smell
Best developed of all, especially sensitive to touches on face, hands, soles of feet and abdomen.
Newborn’s sensitivity to temperature and physical touch.
**Phrases or sentences consisting of words and gestures.
Holophrases
**Occurs between the 16th and 24th month of life.
Naming Explosion
**For these children, most early words are linked to social relationships rather than objects.
Expressive Style
**Children whose style of early vocabulary is made up predominantly of nouns or pronouns
Referential Style
**The ability to produce spoken language
Referential Style
**A time when most children rapidly begin to add new words to their vocabularies
Naming Explosion
**Usually occurring between 12 and 18 months of age.
Holophrases
**Research indicates that this style is used by English-speaking parents who tend to emphasize nouns more than verbs in speaking reading to infants.
Expressive Style
**Typically appears at about 12 or 13 months.
Expressive language
**In this period, children seem to learn new words with very few repetitions, and they generalize these words to many more situations.
Naming Explosion
**These toddlers often learn pronouns early and use many more “personal-social” words like “no, yes, want, or please”.
Expressive Style
Responding to the infant’s need by talking to him, comforting him and so on, is important.
-He proposed that during the first 2 yrs of life the infant learns to trust the world around him or becomes cynical about the social environment’s ability to meet his needs.
Erikson’s trust versus mistrust stage of psychosocial development
5 Behaviours of Children, who are securely attached to their mothers in infancy.
- Sociable
- Positive in their behaviour toward friends & siblings
- Less clinging and dependent on teachers
- Less aggressive
- More empathetic
- More emotionally mature
5 Behaviours of Adolescents, who are securely attached to their mothers in infancy.
- Socially skilled
- More intimate friendships
- More likely to be rated as leaders.
- Higher self esteem
- Better grades
Imagination that occurs in the absence of the model who first demonstrated it.
Deferred imitation
Denotes permanent changes in behaviour that result from experience
Learning
How do babies learn from classical conditioning?
Eg. Inexperienced mother smothered baby during breastfeeding-> baby refused to nurse
How do babies learn from operant conditioning?
Sucking & head turning increased by use of reinforcements
Which of the following correctly illustrates the concept of habituation?
A) learning habits simply by being exposed to them
B) no longer noticing a ticking clock after a few moments of exposure
C) hearing someone whisper your name across a loud and crowded room
D) learning how to categorize information into schemes through practice
B
List 2 reason why babies babble
1) beginning of language production
2) acquires intonation pattern of language
How does caregiver-infant proximity contribute to the development?
Provides a strong emotional bond
What is the survival value of strong emotional bonds?
Ensure the infant will be nurtured
Sustain proximity btn parent & child
Infants use of others facial expressions as guide to own emotions
Social referencing
Pattern of responding to people & objects
Personality
Inborn predispositions -> activity level, that form personality foundations
Temperament
At about what age do we expect a child to demonstrate self- related emotions such as pride or shame? A) 21 mths B) at birth C) 8-12 mths D) 12 mths
A
Examinations of the long-term consequences of quality of attachment suggest that……
both psychoanalysts & ethologists are correct in their assumption that the attachment relationship becomes the foundation for future social relationships.
babies attempting to organize their experiences is an example of:
schematic learning
Which of the following statements is true concerning growth & motor skill development in the preschool years?
A) changes in height & weight are at the same rate as in infancy
B) changes in motor development are as dramatic as in infancy
C) the most impressive changes are in small muscle skills
D) changes in height & weight are far slower in the preschool years.
D
According to Piaget, the preschool child is in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage of cognitive development. A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational
B
What was Piaget’s definition of “symbol”?
A) verbal descriptions of newly acquired schemes
B) percussion instruments used for emphasis
C) images or words that stand for something
D) none of the above
C
Definition- young child’s belief that everyone sees & experiences the world like them
Egocentrism
Definition- understanding that matter can change in appearance w/o changing in quality
Conservation
Definition-young child’s tendency to think of the world in terms of 1 variable @ a time
Centration
Grammatical markers attached to words to indicate tense, gender, number, & the like, such as use of “ed” to mark past tense.
Inflections
A child who says “foot” instead of “feet” is ______
A) probably in danger of developing language deficits
B) exhibiting overregularization
C) not a native speaker of English
D) at least 5 years old
B
At which point can children create complex sentences?
30-48 mths
The test used most frequently by psychologist to measure intelligence is\_\_\_\_\_ A) Stanford-Binet B) WISC-III C) terman D) Simon-Binet
B
Both twin studies and studies of adopted children show __________ _________ ____________ on IQ.
Strong, hereditary, influences
The text suggests that both Freud & Erikson believed that the key to social development of 2-6 year olds is
A) striking a balance between the child’s emerging skills & parents need for control
B) the successful development of peer relationships
C) whether toilet training goes smoothly
D) the ability of parents to give the child freedom to grow
A
Psychologists agree that ________ ________ constitute one of the most, if not the most, influential factors in early childhood development
Family relationships
Diana Baumrind focused on the following four aspects of family functioning: warmth or levels of nurturance, level of expectations or "maturity demands", clarity and consistency of rules, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ A) communication B) responsibilities C) friendliness D) standards
A
Which parental style is linked to the best outcomes for most children? A) Permissive B) Authoritarian C) Authoritative D) Oligarchic
B
Definition: Children who can play alone sometimes
Solitary play
2 or more children play with toys -.cooperating & spontaneous
parallel play
independent and social play
associative play
several children play together
cooperative play
Behaviour intended to injure another person or damage an object
aggression
direct confrontation such as reacting with anger, fighting, kicking, hitting.
physical aggression
intended harm such as gossiping, saying bad things about a person behind their back
indirect aggression
behaviour intended to help another person
prosocial behaviour
prosocial behaviour is also known as:
altruism
According to the research findings of Strayer and Roberts, boys are generally more prosocial than girls. true or false
False
Attributions are:
A) behaviours intended to help another person
B) behaviours intended to harm another person
C) positive statements about the underlying cause for helpful behaviour
D) negative statements about the underlying cause for helpful behaviour
C
The process of acquiring self-control requires
A) the ability to role play
B) sensorimotor thought
C shifting control from parents to child
D) a rapid shift in maturity level on the part of the child
D
Routine of play or interaction with others, the toddler now begins to develop some implicit understanding of his or her own role Eg. child may begin to think of herself as a helpe or the `boss
`Social scripts
*Kolberg`s assertion that children must understand the gender is permanent characteristics before they can adopt appropriate sex roles
Gender constancy theory
*Different patterns of behaviour exhibited by boys and girls
sex-typed behaviour
*Understanding of gender, gender related behaviour and sex role
gender concept
*the understanding that gender is a stable, life-long characteristic
gender stability
*behaviour expected for males and females in a given culture
sex roles
**the understanding that gender is a component of the self that is not altered be external appearance
gender constancy
**the ability to correctly label oneself and others as male or female
gender identity
define the preoperational stage of cognitive development
2nd stage. During which children become proficient in use of symbols in thinking & communicating, but still has difficulties
LIST AND DESCRIBE THE FOUR KEY DIMENTIONS OF TEMPERMENT:
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION!!!!! KNOW THIS
1) ACTIVITY LEVEL- TENDENCY TO MOVE OR REMAIN IMMOBILE
2) APPROACH/POSITIVE EMOTION- TENDENCY TO MOVE WITH PEOPLE, THINGS WITH POSITIVE EMOTION
3) INHIBITION- SHYNESS
4) PERSISTENCE- ABLE TO STAY FOCUSED
PARENTING STYLE- AUTHORITARIAN
HOW IT EFFECTS CHILDS BEHAVIOUR
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION!!!!! KNOW THIS
- DO LESS WELL IN SCHOOL
- LOWER SELF ESTEEM
- LESS SKILLED WITH PEERS
- HIGHLY AGRESSIVE
PARENTING STYLE- AUTHORITATIVE
HOW IT EFFECTS CHILDS BEHAVIOUR
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION!!!!! KNOW THIS
- HIGHER SELF ESTEEM
- INDEPENDENT
- SELF CONFIDENT
- BETTER GRADES
PARENTING STYLE- PERMISSIVE
HOW IT EFFECTS CHILDS BEHAVIOUR
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION!!!!! KNOW THIS
- WORSE IN SCHOOL
- AGGRESSIVE
- IMMATURE
- LESS INDEPENDENT
