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Psychology - IN FOCUS Approaches > The psychodynamic approach > Flashcards

The psychodynamic approach Flashcards

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1
Q

The psychodynamic approach emphasis the role of the __________

A

unconscious

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2
Q

What does Freud suggest about the conscious mind?

A

It is merely the ‘tip of the iceberg’

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3
Q

What does Freud suggest is slightly under the conscious mind?

A

The preconscious

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4
Q

What does Freud suggest the preconscious contains?

A

Thoughts and memories which are not currently in conscious awareness but we can access if desired

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5
Q

Freud suggests that the preconscious contains thoughts and memories which are not currently… but…

A

in conscious awareness, we can access if desired

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6
Q

Freud suggested that most of our mind is made up of what?

A

The unconscious

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7
Q

Freud suggested that the unconscious is a…

A

vast storehouse of biological drives and instincts that has a significant influence on our behaviour and personality

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8
Q

Freud suggests that our unconscious contains threatening and disturbing memories that have been what?

A

Repressed

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9
Q

How did Freud suggest that threatening and disturbing memories can be accessed?

A

During dreams or through ‘slips of the tongue’

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10
Q

Where did Freud suggest that threatening and disturbing memories are contained?

A

In the unconscious

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11
Q

What did Freud refer to ‘slips of the tongue’ as?

A

Parapraxes

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12
Q

Calling your mum ‘teacher’ is an example of what Freud would call what?

A

A ‘slip of the tongue’ or paraprax

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13
Q

Freud claimed that child development occurred in how many stages?

A

5

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14
Q

Each of the psychosexual stages (apart from _______) is marked by a different conflict that the child must resolve in order to progress successfully to the next stage

A

latency

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15
Q

Each of the psychosexual stages (apart from latency) is marked by…

A

a different conflict that the child must resolve in order to progress successfully to the next stage

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16
Q

Each of the psychosexual stages (apart from latency) is marked by a different conflict that the child must resolve in order to…

A

progress successfully to the next stage

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17
Q

What did Freud suggest that any psychosexual conflict that is unresolved leads to?

A

Fixation where the child becomes ‘stuck’ and carries certain behaviours and conflicts associated with that stage through to adult life

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18
Q

What is the first of Freud’s psychosexual stages?

A

Oral

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19
Q

At what age does the oral psychosexual stage occur, according to Freud?

A

0-1

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20
Q

Where is the focus of pleasure during the oral psychosexual stage?

A

The mouth - the mother’s breast can be the object of desire

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21
Q

Give 2 examples of behaviours that are consequences of unresolved conflict in the oral psychosexual stage

A

Any 2 from smoking, biting nails, sarcastic and critical

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22
Q

What is the second of Freud’s psychosexual stages?

A

Anal

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23
Q

At what age does the anal psychosexual stage occur, according to Freud?

A

1-3

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24
Q

Where is the focus of pleasure during the anal psychosexual stage?

A

In the anus

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25
Q

Consequences of unresolved conflict during the anal psychosexual stage include anal _________ and anal _________

A

retentive and expulsive

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26
Q

Give an example of a characteristic associated with being anally retentive

A

Any from a perfectionist and obsessive

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27
Q

Give an example of a characteristic associated with being anally expulsive

A

Any from thoughtless and messy

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28
Q

At what age does the phallic psychosexual stage occur according to Freud?

A

3-6

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29
Q

Where is the focus of pleasure during the phallic psychosexual stage?

A

In the genital area

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30
Q

Give an example of a characteristic that is the consequence of unresolved conflict in the phallic psychosexual stage

A

Any from narcissistic and reckless

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31
Q

What is the latency psychosexual stage?

A

When earlier conflicts are repressed

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32
Q

Describe what happens in the genital psychosexual stage

A

Sexual desires become conscious alongside the onset of puberty

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33
Q

When is the genital psychosexual stage?

A

Alongside the onset of puberty

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34
Q

What did Freud say that consequences of unresolved conflict resulted in in the genital stage?

A

Difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

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35
Q

What did Freud describe personality as?

A

‘Tripartite’

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36
Q

Freud described personality as ‘tripartite’. What does this mean?

A

Composed of three parts

37
Q

What are the three parts of personality as suggested by Freud?

A

The Id, Ego and Superego

38
Q

The id/ego/superego is the primitive part of our personality

A

id

39
Q

The id/ego/superego operates on the pleasure principle - it gets what it wants

A

id

40
Q

The id/ego/superego is a seething mass of unconscious drives and instincts

A

id

41
Q

The id/ego/superego is present at birth

A

id

42
Q

The id/ego/superego is entirely selfish throughout life and demands instant gratification of its needs

A

id

43
Q

The id/ego/superego works on reality principle

A

ego

44
Q

The id/ego/superego is the mediator between the other two parts of personality

A

ego

45
Q

The id/ego/superego develops around the age of 2 and its role is to reduce the conflict between the demands of the other two parts of personality

A

ego

46
Q

The id/ego/superego’s role is to reduce the conflict between the other two parts of the personality. How does it manage this?

A

By employing a number of defence mechanisms

47
Q

The id/ego/superego is formed at the end of the phallic stage, around the age of five

A

superego

48
Q

The id/ego/superego is our internalised sense of right and wrong

A

superego

49
Q

The id/ego/superego represents the moral standards of the child’s same-gender parent and punishes the id/ego/superego for wrongdoing (through guilt)

A

superego, ego

50
Q

The id/ego/superego is based on the morality principle

A

superego

51
Q

The id/ego/superego has a difficult job balancing the conflicting demands of the id/ego/superego and id/ego/superego

A

ego, id and superego

52
Q

The ego balances the conflicting demands of the id and the superego with the help of what?

A

Defence mechanisms

53
Q

Freud suggested that defence mechanisms were conscious/unconscious

A

unconscious

54
Q

Freud said that defence mechanisms were unconscious and ensure that the Ego is able to prevent us from being…

A

overwhelmed by temporary threats or traumas

55
Q

What did Freud say that defence mechanisms often involve?

A

Some form of distortion of reality

56
Q

Freud said that as a long-term solution, defence mechanisms are regarded as…

A

psychologically unhealthy and undesirable

57
Q

One strength of the psychodynamic approach is that it introduces the idea of psychotherapy as opposed to what?

A

Physical treatments

58
Q

Freud brought to the world a new form of therapy called what?

A

Psychoanalysis

59
Q

What was the first attempt to treat mental disorders psychologically rather than physically called?

A

Psychoanalysis

60
Q

Psychoanalysis was the first attempt to…

A

treat mental disorders psychologically rather than physically

61
Q

Psychoanalysis employed a range of techniques designed to access what?

A

The unconscious

62
Q

Give an example of a technique employed by psychoanalysis to access the unconscious?

A

Dream analysis

63
Q

Psychoanalysis claims to help clients by doing what?

A

Bringing their repressed emotions into their conscious mind so they can be dealt with

64
Q

Psychoanalysis was the forerunner to many…

A

modern-day ‘talking therapies’ that have since been established such as counselling

65
Q

The fact that psychoanalysis was the forerunner to many modern-day ‘talking therapies’ that have since been established shows what about the psychodynamic approach?

A

It has value as it created a new approach to treatment

66
Q

Although Freudian therapists have claimed success for many clients with mild neuroses, psychoanalysis is regarded as…

A

inappropriate and even harmful for some people experiencing more serious mental disorders such as schizophrenia

67
Q

Why has psychoanalysis been criticised as being inappropriate and even harmful for people experiencing more serious mental disorders such as schizophrenia?

A

Many symptoms of schizophrenia mean that those with the disorder have lost their grip on reality, such as paranoia and delusional thinking and therefore cannot articulate their thoughts in the way required by psychoanalysis

68
Q

Name a symptom of schizophrenia that means those with the disorder have lost their grip on the reality

A

Any from paranoia, delusional thinking, etc.

69
Q

The fact that people with schizophrenia cannot articulate their thoughts in the way required by psychoanalysis suggests what about Freudian therapy and theory?

A

It may not apply to all mental disorders

70
Q

Popper argued that the psychodynamic approach doesn’t mean which scientific criterion?

A

Falsification

71
Q

Why did Popper argue that the psychodynamic approach doesn’t meet the scientific criterion of falsification?

A

It isn’t open to empirical testing

72
Q

Many of Freud’s concepts are said to occur at an unconscious level, such as the Oedipus complex. What is the problem with this?

A

They are difficult to test, if not impossible

73
Q

What/who were Freud’s ideas based on?

A

The subjective study of single individuals such as Little Hans

74
Q

The fact that Freud’s ideas were based on the subjective study of single individuals makes it difficult to do what?

A

Make universal claims about behaviour

75
Q

The fact that Freud’s ideas were based on the subjective study of single individuals suggests that Freud’s theory was what?

A

Pseudoscientific rather than established fact.

76
Q

Alongside behaviourism, the psychodynamic approach remained a key force in psychology for the first half of which century?

A

The 20th

77
Q

Give 2 examples of phenomena that the psychodynamic approach has been used to explain?

A

Any 2 from personal development, the origins of psychological disorders, moral development and gender identity

78
Q

True/False: The psychodynamic approach has had a huge influence on psychology and contemporary thought

A

True

79
Q

The psychodynamic approach has been significant in drawing attention to the connection between what?

A

Experiences in childhood and our later development

80
Q

The psychodynamic approach has been significant in drawing attention to the connection between experiences in our childhood and our later development, such as…

A

our relationship with our parents

81
Q

The fact that the psychodynamic approach has been significant in drawing attention to the connection between experiences in childhood and our later development suggests what about the approach?

A

Overall, it has had a positive impact on psychology

82
Q

True/False: The psychodynamic approach has had a positive impact on literature, art and human endeavours outside of psychology

A

True

83
Q

True/False: The psychodynamic approach is the least controversial of the approaches

A

False

84
Q

True/False: The psychodynamic approach has had a huge influence on psychology and contemporary thought

A

True

85
Q

Why does the psychodynamic approach suffer from psychic determinism?

A

The approach suggests that much of our behaviour is determined by unconscious conflicts rooted in childhood and there is no such thing as an ‘accident’

86
Q

True/False: Freud believed in accidents

A

False, he said there is no such thing as an ‘accident’

87
Q

Freud said that even something as random as a ‘slip of the tongue’ is driven by what?

A

Unconscious forces

88
Q

True/False: ‘Slips of the tongue’ have a deep meaning according to Freud

A

True

89
Q

Why do critics claim that Freud’s believe that much of our behaviour is determined by unconscious conflicts rooted in childhood is an extreme view?

A

This dismisses any possible influence of free will on behaviour

Psychology - IN FOCUS Approaches (4 decks)

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