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psychology - in focus approaches > Learning approaches: The behaviourist approach > Flashcards

Learning approaches: The behaviourist approach Flashcards

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1
Q

The behaviourist approach is only interested in studying behaviour that can be…

A

observed and measured

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2
Q

True/False: The behaviourist approach is not concerned with investigating mental processes of the mind

A

True

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3
Q

Early behaviourists accepted/rejected introspection

A

rejected

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4
Q

Why is the behaviourist approach not concerned with investigating mental processes of the mind?

A

These were seen as irrelevant

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5
Q

Why did early behaviourists reject introspection?

A

It involved too many concepts that were vague and difficult to measure

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6
Q

Behaviourists tried to maintain what with their research?

A

Control and objectivity

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7
Q

How did behaviourists achieve control and objectivity with their research?

A

Relying on lab studies

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8
Q

Behaviourists believe that all behaviour is…

A

learned

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9
Q

How would behaviourists describe a baby’s mind?

A

A ‘blank slate’ that is written on by experience

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10
Q

The behaviourist approach suggests that the basic processes that govern what are the same in all species?

A

Learning

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11
Q

In behaviourist research what replaces humans as experimental subjects?

A

Animals

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12
Q

How many important forms of learning are identified in the behaviourist approach?

A

2

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13
Q

Name the two forms of learning as identified by the behaviourist approach

A

Classical and operant conditioning

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14
Q

Classical conditioning is learning through…

A

association

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15
Q

Who was classical conditioning first demonstrated by?

A

Pavlov

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16
Q

How did Pavlov first demonstrate classical conditioning?

A

Showing how dogs could be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell

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17
Q

Pavlov showed that dogs could be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell if…

A

that sound was present at the time they were given food

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18
Q

What did Pavlov’s dogs gradually learn?

A

To associate the sound of the bell with the food

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19
Q

The bell and food in Pavlov’s experiment were what?

A

Stimuli

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20
Q

In Pavlov’s experiment, the bell and food would produce..

A

the salivation response every time they heard the sound

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21
Q

Pavlov was able to show how a neutral stimulus…

A

can elicit a new learned response (conditioned response

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22
Q

What was the neutral stimulus in Pavlov’s experiment?

A

The bell

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23
Q

Skinner suggested that learning is an active/passive process

A

active

24
Q

Skinner suggested that learning is an active process whereby humans and animals do what?

A

Operate on their environment

25
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed

26
Q

Praise from a teacher for answering a question correctly in class is an example of what in terms of operant conditioning?

A

Positive reinforcement

27
Q

A student handing in an essay to avoid being told off is an example of what in terms of operant conditioning?

A

Negative reinforcement

28
Q

Negative reinforcement occurs when…

A

an animal (or human) avoids something unpleasant and is therefore in receipt of a positive experience

29
Q

A rat may learn through what that pressing a lever leads to avoidance of an electric shock?

A

Negative reinforcement

30
Q

Punishment

A

An unpleasant consequence of behaviour

31
Q

Finding way to avoid being shouted at by a teacher is an example of what?

A

Negative reinforcement

32
Q

Operant conditioning states that behaviour is shaped by what?

A

Its consequences

33
Q

Positive and negative reinforcement increases/decreases the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated

A

increases

34
Q

Punishment increases/decreases the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated

A

decreases

35
Q

Give an example of where operant conditioning has been applied to real-world behaviours and problems

A

Token economies or treatment of phobias

36
Q

What is the basis of token economy systems?

A

Operant conditioning

37
Q

True/False: Operant conditioning has been used in token economy systems successfully, in institutions such as prisons and psychiatric wards

A

True

38
Q

How do token economy systems work?

A

By rewarding appropriate behaviour with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges

39
Q

Give an example of where classical conditioning has been applied to real-world behaviours and problems

A

Treatment of phobias

40
Q

The fact that principles of conditioning have been applied to real-world behaviours and problems does what for the behaviourist approach’s widespread application?

A

Increases its value

41
Q

Procedures such as Skinner’s box allowed behaviourists to maintain a high degree of what?

A

Control over their experimental ‘subjects’

42
Q

Why may the ethics of procedures such as Skinner’s box be questioned?

A

Animals were housed in harsh, cramped conditions and deliberately kept below their natural weight so they were always hungry

43
Q

True/False: In Skinner’s procedure, he deliberately kept rats above their natural weight so they weren’t hungry

A

False, he deliberately kept them below their natural weight so they were always hungry

44
Q

True/False: The behaviourist approach is based on well-controlled research

A

True

45
Q

The behaviourist approach focused on the measurement of observable behaviour within what?

A

Highly controlled lab settings

46
Q

How did behaviourists remove all other possible extraneous variables in their research?

A

By breaking down behaviour into basic stimulus-response units

47
Q

How were cause-and-effect relationships established in behaviourist research?

A

By removing all other possible extraneous variables through breaking down behaviour into basic stimulus-response units

48
Q

The fact that behaviourism is based on well-controlled research suggests…

A

that behaviourist experiments have scientific credibility

49
Q

How may have behaviourists oversimplified the learning process?

A

By reducing behaviour to such simple components

50
Q

What is the important influence on learning that behaviourists may have ignored?

A

Human thought

51
Q

The fact that other approaches such as social learning theory and the cognitive approach have drawn attention to the mental processes involved in learning suggests what about learning?

A

It is more complex than observable behaviour alone and private mental processes are also essential - something not addressed by the behaviourist approach

52
Q

Behaviourism sees all behaviour as what conditioned by what?

A

Past conditioning experiences

53
Q

Skinner suggested that everything we do is the sum total of our what?

A

Reinforcement history

54
Q

When something happens we may think ‘I made the decision to do that’. According to Skinner, what determined this outcome?

A

Our past conditioning history

55
Q

What did Skinner say about free will?

A

It is an illusion

56
Q

Skinner’s view that free will is an illusion is an extreme position that ignores what?

A

The influence of conscious decision-making processes on behaviour

57
Q

Behaviourism sees all behaviour as conditioned by past conditioning experiences. What is this an example of?

A

Environmental determinism

psychology - in focus approaches (4 decks)

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