Humanistic approach Flashcards
Maslow was one of the founders of which movement in psychology?
The humanistic movement
What was one of Maslow’s main interests?
What motivates peolpe
Maslow described a hierarchy of needs that…
motivate our behaviour
What is the primary goal in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Self actualisation
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in order to reach our primary goal, a number of…
deficiency needs must first be met
What’s at the bottom of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Physiological needs such as food and water
What’s second from the bottom of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Safety and security
What’s third in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Love and belongingness
What’s the fourth stage of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Self-esteem
The humanistic approach suggests that most people have an innate desire to do what?
Reach their full potential and become the best they can possibly be
What represents the uppermost level of Maslow’’s hierarchy of needs?
Self-actualisation
Which of the lower levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs need to be met before an individual can work towards self-actualisation?
All four of them
What are the four stages below self-actualisation known as?
Deficiency needs
At which stage of life does the first stage of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs apply to?
Early development when a baby is first focused on physiological needs
At which stage of life does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs apply?
Throughout life
Free will claims that human beings…
are essentially self-determining
Free will says that people are still affected by external and internal influences, but are also what?
Active agents who can determine their own development
True/False: Rogers & Maslow accept scientific models that attempt to establish general principles of human behaviour
False, as active agents we are all unique and psychology should concern itself with the study of subjective experience
As active agents we are all unique, and psychology should concern itself with the study of subjective experience. Someone who supports which approach would say this?
Humanist approach
What is Humanism often referred to as?
Person-centred
What did Carl Rogers argue about personal growth?
For it to be achieved an individual’s concept of self must be broadly equivalent to, or have congruence with their ideal self
Carl Rogers argued that if too big a gap exists between the two ‘selves’ a person will experience what?
A state of incongruence
Why is self-actualisation not possible due to incongruence?
There are negative feelings of self-worth that arise from incongruence
In the humanistic approach, what do negative feelings of self worth arise from?
Incongruence
In order to reduce the gap between the self-concept and the ideal self what did Rogers develop?
Client-centred therapy, also called counselling
What is client-centred therapy also known as?
Counselling
Rogers developed client-centred therapy to help people cope with what?
The problems of everyday living
What did Rogers claim about many of the issues we experience as adults?
They have roots in childhood
Give an example of an issue we may experience as adults that roots in childhood?
Any from worthlessness, low- self-esteem, etc.
Rogers claimed that many of the issues we experience as adults can often be explained by what?
A lack of unconditional positive regard - a lack of unconditional love from our parents
Rogers suggested that a parent who sets boundaries or limits on their love for their child is doing what?
Storing up psychological problems for that child in the future
Give an example of how a parent could set a boundary or limit on their love for their child, which Rogers would suggest is storing up psychological problems for that child in the future
“I will only love you if…”, etc/
Setting boundaries or limits on your love for your child is an example of what?
Conditions of worth
Rogers claimed that many of the issues we experience as adults can often be explained by a lack of unconditional positive regard as a child. He therefore saw one of his roles as an effective therapist as…
being able to provide his clients with the unconditional positive regard that they had failed to receive as children
True/False: Client-centred therapy is an important form of modern day psychotherapy
True
Client-centred therapy led to the general approach of ___________
counselling
True/False: Counselling is applied to many settings today
True
Give an example of how counselling is applied in many settings today
Samaritans and other helplines, etc.
How did Rogers refer to those in therapy?
As ‘clients’ rather than patients
True/False: In client-centred therapy, therapy is directed by the therapist
False, it is non-directive
True/False: Client-centred therapy is non-directive
True
The client is encouraged towards the discovery of their own solutions. Which type of therapy does this describe?
Client-centred therapy
In client-centred therapy the client is just encouraged towards the discovery of their own solutions within what kind of atmosphere?
A therapeutic atmosphere that is warm, supportive and non-judgemental
For Rogers, an effective therapist should provide the client with which three things?
Genuineness, empathy and unconditional positive regard
What is the aim of Rogerian therapy?
To increase the person’s feelings of self-worth
The aim of Rogerian therapy is to increase the person’s feelings of self-worth by doing what?
Reducing the level of congruence between the self-concept and ideal self
The aim of Rogerian therapy is to increase the person’s feelings of self-worth and therefore help the person…
become a more fully functioning person
True/False: Rogers’ work transformed psychotherapy
True
Rogers’ work introduced a variety of…
counselling techniques
True/False: In the UK and US, similar counselling skills to those proposed by Rogers are still practised
True
Give 3 examples of settings in which similar counselling skills to those proposed by Rogers are still practised
Any 3 from throughout education, health, social work and industry
Rogers’ client-centred therapy has been praised as a _______-_______ and _________ approach
forward-looking, effective
Rogers’ client-centred therapy has been praised as forward-looking as it focuses on what instead of what?
Present problems instead of dwelling on the past
Much like psychoanalysis, Rogers’ client-centred therapy is best applied to the treatment of what?
‘Mild’ psychological conditions such as anxiety and low self-worth
What do humanist psychologists regard personal growth as?
An essential part of being human
What would humanist psychologists say that personal growth is concerned with?
Developing and changing a person to become fulfilled, satisfied and goal-oriented
The humanistic approach would suggest that not everyone will manage changing as a person to become fulfilled as there are what involved that may prevent a person from reaching their potential?
Psychological barriers
The humanistic approach is very optimistic/pessimistic
Optimistic
Which approach has been praised for bringing the person back into psychology?
The humanistic approach
The humanistic approach has been praised for bringing the person back into psychology as it promotes a positive image of…
the human condition
What did Freud see all human beings as?
Prisoners of their past
Freud claimed all of us existed somewhere between where and where?
‘Common unhappiness and absolute despair’
Humanistic psychologists see all people as basically what?
Good
Which approach sees all people as free to work towards the achievement of their full potential?
The humanist approach
True/False: The humanistic approach sees people as out of control of their lives
False, it sees people as in control pf their lives
The fact that humanistic psychologists see all people as basically good suggests that humanistic psychology offers a…
refreshing and optimistic alternative to other approaches
People have argued that humanistic psychology has had a relatively large/small impact in psychology
small
Critics have argued that which approach has little application in the real world in comparison with other approaches such as behaviourism and the biological approach?
Humanism
The humanistic approach has been described not as a comprehensive theory, but instead as what?
A loose set of abstract ideas
True/False: The humanistic approach has been described as a comprehensive theory
False, it hasn’t
Who’s therapy revolutionised counselling techniques?
Rogers’
True/False: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs has been used to explain motivation
True
Where has Maslow’s hierarchy of needs been used to explain motivation in particular?
In the workplace
One strength of the humanistic approach is that it rejects attempts to do what to behaviour and experiences?
Break them up into smaller components
Breaking up behaviour and experiences into smaller components would be an example of reductionism/holism
reductionism
How do behaviourists explain human and animal learning?
In terms of simple stimulus-response connections
What did Freud describe the whole of personality as?
A conflict between three things - the id, ego and superego
Humanistic psychologists advocate reductionism/holism
Holism
Holism
The idea that subjective experience can only be understood by considering the whole person
How does the fact that the humanistic approach is holistic add more validity than its alternatives?
Considers meaningful human behaviour within its real-world context
Why may reductionist approaches be more scientific?
The idea of science is the experiment - experiments reduce behaviour to independent and dependent variables
Experiments reduce behaviour into which two variables?
Independent and dependent
One issue with humanistic psychology is that there are relatively few concepts that can be broken down to…
single variables and measured
One issue with humanistic psychology is that there are relatively few concepts that can be broken down to single variables and measured unlike behaviourism. This means that humanistic psychology in general is short on what?
Empirical evidence to support its claims
Why may the humanist approach be culturally biased?
Many of the ideas that are central to humanistic psychology would be much more readily associated with countries that have more individualistic tendencies
Many of the ideas that are central to humanistic psychology would be much more readily associated with countries that have which tendencies?
More individualistic tendencies
Give 2 examples of individualistic tendencies that would associate something with humanism
Any 2 from individual freedom, autonomy, personal growth, etc.
Which large country has individualistic tendencies that makes it more likely to be readily associated with the humanistic approach?
The US
Countries with collectivist tendencies emphasise more the need of the group and interdependence. In such countries, which approach may not be as important as it is in others?
Humanism
Why may the idea of self-actualisation not be as important in countries with collectivist tendencies as it is in others?
These countries emphasise more the needs of the group and interdependence
It is possible that the humanistic approach does not apply universally and instead is a product of…
the cultural context within which it was developed
