the Psychoanylytic Approach Flashcards
Lecture 3 + 4
back story to Freud
20th century
Viennese Neurologist
- he trained as a medical doc but was more interested in research & the mind
- worked with Breuer -> both developed “Talking Cure”
what did Charcot do?
studied mass hysteria (now called conversion disorder) & influenced Breuer and Freud
describe steps to the Talking Cure
Step 1: Hypnotize patient, or allow for free association
Step 2: Talk with patient to reveal psychological anxiety/neurosis
Step 3: Patient has “catharsis”—insight into psychological problem
Step 4: Physical symptom disappears
Bio cause of hysteria?
remember woman paralyzed w/ no bio problems
The emotional centers of the brain activated
– Inhibit motor centers of the brain from coordinating movement
what are the 3 Psychoanylytic assumptions of freud?
- Psychological Determinism
- importance of the unconscious
- defence mechanisms
- importance of early childhood experiences
what are the 3 levels of consciousness? Explain each
- pre-conscious (accessible
- conscious (thinking abt rn)
- unconscious (repressed)
where do the Id, Ego and Superego fall in unconsiousand unconscious?
ego- mostly conscious
superego- somewhat conscious
Id- unconscious
Who is Carl Jung?
Freud’s student who believed in 2 types of unconscious
personal unconscious- Freudian unconscious
collective unconscious- instinctive fears, evolutionary theory (unconscious passed down thru ancestors) ie fear of darkness, insects, etc
describe the Id
when does it develop? what does it conrtrol?
develops in infancy
pleasure- immediate gratificatipn
drives & urges
primary process thinking (illogical)
What is the Ego? when does it develop?
age 2
constrains Id to reality
reality principle- postponed id impulses
secondary process thinking (problem solving)
Superego? When does it develop/ewhats it do?
age 5
internalized values, morality of parents & society
suilt, shame, pride (self-conscious emotions)
not bound for reality- sets higher standards
conflicts between the Id, Ego, Superego lead to what?
ANXIETY
what are the defence mechanisms used to cope with anxiety according to Freud?
RDRDRPS!
Repression
- pushed out of awareness
Freud thought sexual today we think childhood trauma
Denial
- convincing that neg event didnt happen
Rationalization
- creating logical reasons for behavior that was motivated by unconscious desires
Displacement
- taking it out on someone else
Reaction Formation
- to stifle unacceptable impulse, the opposide behaviors are displayed (ie homophobia? Maybe you’re gay!
Projection
- seeing ones own unacceptable qualities inaothers & disliking htem for posessing those qualities
what has freud contributed to Psychological science & personality research?
talking cure- “free association” & “stream of consciousness”
mind-body connection
unconscious influences on behavior
case study method
Discuss Contemporary views of Repression
debate of whether we should validate previously unconscious memories of abuse
- courage to heal vs false memory syndrome (were able to have ppl remember)
- mental health of some imporved following recovered memories (some with drugs- ayahuasca & Psylocybin)
However, often, traumatic events cannot be repressed
- Cognative View of Unconscious
there’s an unconscious… 2 views
Motivated: we burry hidden needs/desires in the unconscious
Cognitive: perceived information may become unconscious & influence us, but it is not “buried”; it is in the pre-conscious
How does Subliminal Priming relate to cognitive unconscious?
subliminal priming occurs when we are not consciously aware that a stimulus is presented, but our unconscious may receive it, and it can influence us
what are some examples of Subliminal Priming?
Lipton Iced Tea- primed with tea or nonsense words -> more likely to buy tea if thirsty
Ad’s on TV
- Ego Psychology
Anna Freud & Erik Erikson
focused on the conscious views of the self & the strengths of self-consciousness
How did Eriksons 8 states of development differ/relate from Freuds?
cover the entire lifespan, allow for development in adulthood,
similar: each stage had conflict, failure to resolve conflict -> fixation/crisis
- Narcissims
define the narcissistic paradox
ppl who seemingly think they’re great may feel insecure underneath
Who were Echo and Narcissus?
Echo- a beautiful god & narcissus was too infactuated with his own reflection to notice her
what are some DSM characteristics of narcissism?
grandiosity, dominance, entitlement, superiority
in non-clinical cases, what does narcissism look like?
excessively positive view of self accompanied by a nagative view of others
- bragging, egotism, superiority, derogation of others, entitlement
who are some famous examples of narcissists?
Arnold Schwarzenegger
Armans Hammer
what are some causes of narcissism?
- over idealization/unrealistic standards set by parent
- parents also criticize children for not meeting standards
what is a Narcissistic Wound?
early humiliation experience
narcissists overcompensate for insecurities by self-aggrandizing
what are the 2 types of Narcissists (as pathology)
Grandiose
Fragile
Grandiose narcissists…
little empathy, critical of others, controlling, little psychological insight into own motives, privileged & entitled (appear to be)
Fragile
feel unhappy/depressed/despondant, critical of others, anxious & envious, prone to painful feelings of emptiness, appears to feel privileged & entitled
tends to feel inferior, inadequate or a failure
- Object Relations Theory (attachment) is…?
modern research on influence of childhood on adulthood relationships
what does object relations theory focus on?
social relationships
origins of adult relationships in childhood
early bond w/ parents -> childs personality
what were Harlows findings when studying attachment in monkeys?
they went to the cloth mom although the wire ‘mom’ was the one providing food & water
when deprived of real mothers -> anxious, insecure, abnormal sexuality
Who related Harlow’s findings to humans?
Bowlby
what did Ainsworths Strange Situation study?
how the child responds to being left with a friendly stranger for a few mins
what were the different attachment styles identified in Ainsworths Strange Situation?
Secure, Avoidant (upon return), Anxious-Ambivalent (anxious thru procedure -> clingy & angry when return)
what are the Adult attachments suggested by Hazan & Shaver?
Secure, Avoidant, Anxious-Ambivalent (preoccupied)
what was the Stress Test Study (attachment styles)
told males must participate in the experiment w/ the “machine” & measured how females responded based on attachment styles
avoidant -> least support & even annoyed
secure females -> most support
Attachment and Memory Study
participants watched someone discuss their breakup
avoidants -> didnt remember many details
Anxiously attached -> lots of details & even created false memories with additional details
what did ther longitudinal study on relationship types show? (37 years!)
adults whose moms showed less sensitivity -> higher skin conductance response to conflicts with partner
what did they find with attachment styles over the years? Anxious vs avoidant?
anxious that was high in adolescents & early adulthood declines
avoidant were more stable with small declines over lifespan
Secure relationships -> greater secure attachment
can motives be unconscious?
yep!
Hwo are motives a part of our personality?
we have differences in the strength of each motve
ie someone may be very motivated for achievement
how do motives change over time?
they actually remain quite stable
Who are 2 significant figures in the Humanistic Approach?
Rogers & Maslow
Who Are the 3 M’s for Motive theories?
Murray
McClelland
McAdams
what did Henry Murray do?
he created the first type of motivation theory & studies psychoanalysis with Jung (second part isnt as important)
what were the basics of Henry Murray’s theory?
He outlined 11 ‘needs’ of a human being
i.e. Dominance, Achievement, Nurturance, Agression…
define ‘Press’ and ‘Apperception’ according to Murray
Press: environment = important & needs are activated in specific contexts
Apperception = process in which we perceive the environment & is influenced by needs
What did McClelland say abt Motives?
we have Implicit and Self-attributed (explicit) motives
He believed that out implicit motives affect long term outcomes ie Marriage, health, stable beliefs & career
and that explicit motives -> shorter-term behaviours such as performance on experimental tasks
what were McClellands ‘Big 3’ Motives?
Achievement
Power
Affiliation (& Intimacy)
What was McAdam’s take on Affiliation (thelast of McClellands ‘Big 3’)
he argued Intimacy was a greater motive than simple affiliation because better to have someone to turn to & have deep conversations
How did McClellands TAT test work?
he believed that by looking at an image and coming up witha backstory to it, ones implicit/unconscious motives would be revealed
i.e. “she’s crying because he told her to leave him alone” represents a motive for intimacy
