M2- lecture 5 (guest) Flashcards
what is a trait
attributes which seem generally characteristic of an individual, usually describing the personal/internal rather than external self
ie: shy, happy, organized, talkative
what arent traits
temporary, attitudes, cognitive ability (i.e. IQ), physical attributes (tall, fat), social categories
What are the 2 important ways of measuring trait taxonomies?
PEN and the BIG 5 (oceans)
what are the 3 traits of PEN?
- Psychoticism
(testosterone levels) - Extraversion
(low psychological arousal) - Neuroticism
(fluctuations in Autonomic NS)
criticism of psychoticism dimension
questionable label accuracy… some argue it should be called antisocial personality
also relevance of sub-traits
criticisms of PEN
not all-inclusive– there are other factors
other traits show heritability, not just PEN (ie conscientiousness)
other taxonomies developed to address these issues (The Big 5 & Wiggins theory of interpersonal traits)
Who was Hans Eysenick and what was his Theoretical Approach?
he believed personal taxonomy should be rooted in biology and create a 2 dimensional (stable/unstable & introverted/extroverted) model
traits further together = more opposite, closer means similar
what is the 5-factor authentication model/the big 5?
OCEAN
openness
conscientiousness
extraversion
neuroticism
associations of the FFM
(grades, substance abuse, earnings)
conscientiousness & neuroticism
good grades -> high conscientiousness, low neuroticism
substance abuse -> low conscientiousness, high neuroticism
hgih earnings -> low neuroticism, high openness, high conscientiousness
whats missing from the big 5?
honest/humility as accounted for in HEXACO
religiosity & spiritualist typically emerge as separate
describe the plaster hypothesis and the contextualist perspective and which standpoint they take on (stable or plastic)
plaster hypothesis: personality traits are set in stone by 30
contextualist hypothesis: personality emerges from multiple sources; person-environment interactions
Mischeles Critique
on traits and predictability
knowing a person’s level on a specific trait doesn’t allow us to predict their behaviour in any specific situation
personality doesn’t predict behaviour & ppl act differently in different situations
what was the rise of social psyc?
less emphasis on personality traits and more on the situation’s effect on a person
freud, Jung, Maslow, Murray more skepticism and focused now on more doman specific things
Lewins Interactionalism
Behaviour is a function of a person and situation
Festingers Situationalism
personality = error variance, irrelevant
Emphasis of the power of the situation
situationalism
emphasized the power of the situation
- Milgrims obedience study (shock obedience)
- Asch’s conformity study: intentionally gave the wrong length online to see if ppl confirmed
- Zimbardos prison study: assigned guard or prisoner
Empiricle support for FFM
cross-cultural replication
replication with dif measures
genetic links
cross-species replication (ie chimps)
Traits of Openness
Fantasy, Aesthetics, Feelings, Ideas
open ppl remember dreams better,m more creative, enjoy novel experiences
agreeableness
trust
altrusim
modesty
compliance
resolve conflicts, are generous, are well-liked
neuroticism
anxiety
depression
vunerability
impulsiveness
highly emotional, mood swings and instability in relationships, are more fatigued
*result of mischeles critique
personality psyc suffered
fewer grad programs, fewer researchers & fewer jobs
social psyc blossomed
- lg area of research, grad programs, jobs, researchers… over time personality psyc made a comeback
*how personality psyc fought back
- personality traits predict behaviour over the long term!
- I like batting average rather than plans this weekend - broad traits predict broad behaviours and narrow traits predict narrow behaviours
- ppl may differ in how they behave across situations but are consistent relative to other ppl
aka Rank-order consistency! (same slope) - personality traits are stable over long periods of time
- shyness consistent from week, year, lifespan
which factors predict behavior best? (situational characteristics or eprsonality traits?
Situational Characteristics when the situation is strong with high constraint (church)
Personality traits when situation is weak with low level of constraint (ie own room, football game)
mean-level shift/change
in a population, compare the average level of a trait at different ages
find significant average shifts over time in tandem with changes (CHANGES)