M2- lecture 5 (guest) Flashcards

1
Q

what is a trait

A

attributes which seem generally characteristic of an individual, usually describing the personal/internal rather than external self
ie: shy, happy, organized, talkative

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2
Q

what arent traits

A

temporary, attitudes, cognitive ability (i.e. IQ), physical attributes (tall, fat), social categories

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3
Q

What are the 2 important ways of measuring trait taxonomies?

A

PEN and the BIG 5 (oceans)

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4
Q

what are the 3 traits of PEN?

A
  1. Psychoticism
    (testosterone levels)
  2. Extraversion
    (low psychological arousal)
  3. Neuroticism
    (fluctuations in Autonomic NS)
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5
Q

criticism of psychoticism dimension

A

questionable label accuracy… some argue it should be called antisocial personality
also relevance of sub-traits

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6
Q

criticisms of PEN

A

not all-inclusive– there are other factors

other traits show heritability, not just PEN (ie conscientiousness)

other taxonomies developed to address these issues (The Big 5 & Wiggins theory of interpersonal traits)

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7
Q

Who was Hans Eysenick and what was his Theoretical Approach?

A

he believed personal taxonomy should be rooted in biology and create a 2 dimensional (stable/unstable & introverted/extroverted) model

traits further together = more opposite, closer means similar

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8
Q

what is the 5-factor authentication model/the big 5?

A

OCEAN
openness
conscientiousness
extraversion
neuroticism

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9
Q

associations of the FFM
(grades, substance abuse, earnings)

conscientiousness & neuroticism

A

good grades -> high conscientiousness, low neuroticism

substance abuse -> low conscientiousness, high neuroticism

hgih earnings -> low neuroticism, high openness, high conscientiousness

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10
Q

whats missing from the big 5?

A

honest/humility as accounted for in HEXACO

religiosity & spiritualist typically emerge as separate

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11
Q

describe the plaster hypothesis and the contextualist perspective and which standpoint they take on (stable or plastic)

A

plaster hypothesis: personality traits are set in stone by 30

contextualist hypothesis: personality emerges from multiple sources; person-environment interactions

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12
Q

Mischeles Critique

on traits and predictability

A

knowing a person’s level on a specific trait doesn’t allow us to predict their behaviour in any specific situation

personality doesn’t predict behaviour & ppl act differently in different situations

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13
Q

what was the rise of social psyc?

A

less emphasis on personality traits and more on the situation’s effect on a person

freud, Jung, Maslow, Murray more skepticism and focused now on more doman specific things

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14
Q

Lewins Interactionalism

A

Behaviour is a function of a person and situation

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15
Q

Festingers Situationalism

A

personality = error variance, irrelevant

Emphasis of the power of the situation

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16
Q

situationalism

A

emphasized the power of the situation

  1. Milgrims obedience study (shock obedience)
  2. Asch’s conformity study: intentionally gave the wrong length online to see if ppl confirmed
  3. Zimbardos prison study: assigned guard or prisoner
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17
Q

Empiricle support for FFM

A

cross-cultural replication
replication with dif measures
genetic links
cross-species replication (ie chimps)

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18
Q

Traits of Openness

A

Fantasy, Aesthetics, Feelings, Ideas

open ppl remember dreams better,m more creative, enjoy novel experiences

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19
Q

agreeableness

A

trust
altrusim
modesty
compliance

resolve conflicts, are generous, are well-liked

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20
Q

neuroticism

A

anxiety
depression
vunerability
impulsiveness

highly emotional, mood swings and instability in relationships, are more fatigued

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21
Q

*result of mischeles critique

A

personality psyc suffered
fewer grad programs, fewer researchers & fewer jobs

social psyc blossomed
- lg area of research, grad programs, jobs, researchers… over time personality psyc made a comeback

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22
Q

*how personality psyc fought back

A
  1. personality traits predict behaviour over the long term!
    - I like batting average rather than plans this weekend
  2. broad traits predict broad behaviours and narrow traits predict narrow behaviours
  3. ppl may differ in how they behave across situations but are consistent relative to other ppl
    aka Rank-order consistency! (same slope)
  4. personality traits are stable over long periods of time
    - shyness consistent from week, year, lifespan
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23
Q

which factors predict behavior best? (situational characteristics or eprsonality traits?

A

Situational Characteristics when the situation is strong with high constraint (church)

Personality traits when situation is weak with low level of constraint (ie own room, football game)

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24
Q

mean-level shift/change

A

in a population, compare the average level of a trait at different ages

find significant average shifts over time in tandem with changes (CHANGES)

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25
Rank-Order Stability
consistency of individual differences on traits found greater rank-order stability with age esp between 1-12 & 50-59 relative personality levels remain generally stable, and increasingly so with age (STABLE)
26
Change and consistency is dictated by ____ transactions
Person-evnironment (who we are leads us to take on certain roles which shapes who wea re which leads us to...)
27
mean level shift findings for Extraversion agreeableness conscientiousness neuroticism
extraversion - Starts off high in childhood, but gradually decreases and stabilizes over time. - Small gradual decline in middle adulthood Agreeableness - Declines in adolescence but rapidly increases from young adulthood onwards - Agreeableness becomes especially adaptive past age 30 Conscientiousness - Similar pattern to agreeableness with more pronounced increase in adolescence - Adaptive for young adults starting college, entering the workforce, etc. Neuroticism - Generally decreases over time from young adulthood - Gender differences early on that narrow over time Openness - Shows modest increase over time from adolescence, flatlines in middle adulthood Mixed findings: other research finds an overall decrease from ~30 onwards
28
Personality Change in College
maturity principle: ppl increase in traits that promote optimal behavior in adult social roles & decrease in less socially desirable traits - ^ agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness - decrease neuroticism
29
*where do trait taxonomies come from?
The lexical approach says that trait taxonomies are compiled cross-cultural universally
30
how can we know which traits are most important?
If a trait is important it will have Synonym Frequency (there will be many words for it)
31
*what is a trait taxonomy?
a hierarchical systematic way of organizing traits with the most important/basic at the top
32
Lexucal approach to studying pride
Step 1: Research procedure (have ppl list assiciated traits with pride) 2: figure out how the words group together
33
Statistical/Experimental Approach to studyin Pride
statistical analysis (clusters, etc) step 1: have ppl rate the extent to which the trait describes them (1-5 scale) 2: enter data into the factor analysis program to see which traits "hold together" in people's experiences
34
Theoretical approach to trait taxonomy
Think about how many traits should matter, based on some pre-articulated theory
35
Two Facet Theory
Authentic pride – Promotes social investments – Fosters genuine self-esteem * Hubristic pride – Arrogance, egotism – Fosters narcissism iffindingsfromconceptualstudyand factor analysis study converge with theoretical perspective, then we’ve probably found the structure of pride
36
is the replicibility crisis occuring in social or personality psyc?
social psyc and its demonstrating the poser of the situation
37
what does this mean for personality psyc?
It is equipped with the resources to heal with this, so it is on the rise again
38
what are the 3 basic assumptions of personality traits (bio)
– Reflect physiological differences between people – Are largely genetically determined – Are rooted in our evolutionary history
39
what is Phrenology and what is the modern view?
a pre-scientific approach to personality where regions of the head were associated with different traits (ie courage) Modern view: 1) it’si nthebrain ,not the head 2) it’s not that specific
40
What were Galens 4 humors?
yellow bile black bile phlem blood if one fluid was dominant, that would be the personality observed now we know its neurotransmitters and hormones
41
modern approach:
genes as the building blocks of personality - inherited evolutionarily - shape personality and behaviour thru physiological reactions
42
modern approach: behavioral Genes
the study of how genes shape behavior
43
are behaviors (ie eprsonality) shaped by nature or nurture?
BOTH- gene & environment
44
Basic approaches (define) Gene-envrionment interactionalism Genetic determination
gene-environment: If gene and a particular environment, then a particular phenotype Genetic determination: If gene then a particular phenotype (ie huntingtons)
45
Genotype vs phenotype
genotype = potentialities phenotype= what we see
46
define heritibility; what is it not?
Heritability: is the extent to which individual differences in a trait, within a group of people, are due to differences in genes only in groups and on differing genes is NOT how much of a trait in a person is dep on genes
47
how does environment contribute to IQ?
it s a misconception that races are genetically different in IQ. Its actually the opportunities and environments i.e. overachievers don't have to go as high in a low-achieving school where they're already the best as high achievers in a well-funded school
48
what is the methodoligy for anylizing differences in identical (MZ), DZ and MZ raised apart stins and which is best?
Twin Studies: compare concordance (similarity) of trait in MZ vs. DZ twins – If MZ twins are more similar than DZ twins, that means trait is partly heritable * Adoption Studies: compare concordance of trait between parents and biological vs. adopted kids – If bio kids are more similar to parents than adoptive kids, trait is partly heritable * MZ Twins Raised Apart – Best Design: Simply look at the concordance of the trait -> that’s its heritabilityw
49
what are some problems with behavior genetics methods
Math requires that DZ and MZ twins, and adoptive kids and bio kids, have same amount of shared environment * Twin Studies – Equal Environments Assumption more so for MZ than DZ Adoption Studies – Representativeness ( – Selective placement (with similar parents)
50
what are the 3 important influences on personality (genes)
Geneticinfluences:Genesindividualsinherit from their parents * Shared Environment: Environmental effects shared by family members (parenting style, family environment, schools, neighborhood, material resources) * Non-sharedEnvironment:Environmentaleffects unique to the individual -- NOT shared by family members (illnesses, friends, teachers, being treated differently by your parents)
51
whats the difference between gene-effects and environmental effects? DZ vs MZ
gene-effects are what parents pass to their kids DZ- 50% shared MZ- 100% shared Environmental effects can be shared or differing- family or environmental effects which affect MZ/DZ either similarly or differently
52
parents attitudes toward each child is considered a ___ envrionment
non-shared
53
which is the largest impactor of personality? (genes, shared-environment, non-shared environment)
non-shared environment
54
do genes contribute to the Big 5?
yes and the differences ont he big 5 we see between twisn are the biggest predictors of personality
55
which traits are most heritable?
Imagination, Neuroticism, Aggression (in that order)
56
how do we explain heritibility of personality
genes -> neurotransmitters & hormones -> physiological reactivity -> thoughts & feelings -> personality also predicts divorce
57
is the conviction of a felony heritible?
yep!
58
which adult traits are most related to temperament?
Extraversion & neuroticism
59
what is temperament and what are some?
biologically based traits present at birth - excitability - sociability - activity level
60
what do these temperments relate to in adulthood?
excitability (neuroticism) sociability (extraversion) activity level
61
what is Eyesncks theory of personality? is there evidence? what drugs does he say introverts vs extraverts use?
extraverts are under aroused and seek out social interactions for arousal introverts are overaroused & avoid excessive stimulation - doesnt mean shy beause they can do it but they dont want to yes shown in music levels, study spots, drug choice (i= sedatives, e= stimulants)
62
What is Jeffrey Grays Theory and how does it relate to psychopaths
Believed it was bevcause of different sensitivities to reinforcement BAS- sensitivity to reward - activation -> dopamine release - impulsive, poor gratification delay BIS- sensitivity to punishment - activation -> lower serotonin lvl's - nsecure, hyper cautious Psychopaths = high BAS, low BIS
63
is someone has high serotonin do they have high or low BIS?
low BIS- theyre negatively related! related to depression & anxiety
64
what are the 3 neurotransmitters/hormones related to personality?
Seritonin, dopamine, testosterone
65
how does dopamine relate to personality? and which system is it related to?
linked to BAS genetic basis for sensation seeking D4DR - long = sensation seeking (less efficient t binding w/ dop?) - short = low sensation seeking
66
is dopamine/sensation seeking heritable?
highly heritable- about 50%
67
how does seritonin relate to personality
low seritonin -> depression & anxiety MDMA helps by lowering inhibitions
68
what trait is testosterone linked to? and what is some evidence?
aggression Eyesenics PEN model men in all cultures are higher in both testosterone and aggression higher testosterone in violent crimes incarcerated also linked to crime in low income men
69
where is BIS/BAS/fear in the brain
RPFC- BIS (withdrawl) LPFC- BAS (approach) OFPFC- BIS & BAS (anticipation of Reward & punishment) MPFC- the self Amygdala- fear & emotion recognition
70
define hte 2 focuses of evolutionary selection, and describe natural selection
1. survival 2. reproduction natural selection- adaptive behaviors are passed on
71
what are the selection types associated with the following ^ self-survival ^ mate/reproducing ^ survival of relatives
natural selection sexual selection inclusive fitness
72
what is inclusive fitness and how does it suggest the "gay gene"
inclusive fitness explains seemingly maladaptive traits like altruism(selflessness) & self-sacrifice esp towards kin gay gene adaptive so there are more ppl to care for babies if overpopulation
73
what is the reason for the universality of emotion expression and what is an example of it
natural selection seen in isolated tribes expressed happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, surprise, anger-- Papa New Guinea also PRIDE!-- burkina faso see pride in blind judo too
74
what is the sexual hypothesis and what is some evidence for it how is it evolutionary?
Sexual Selection Buss hypothesis that external fertilization -> sexual jealousy internal fertilization -> emotional jealousy men have higher physiological reactions when imagining sexual infedility and women for emotional infideility same found with memory
75
what is the double-shot effect?
things assumed by each gender ie women assume in love also means sexual men assume that is sexual also in love but Buss also found held true even when told no love sex
76
what did the Cognative Load Study Find?
when under cog load women reacted just like men found sexual infidelity more problematic
77
what did the Emotional aspect find?
men find anger more problematic and sexual infidelity -> ^ anger Women find sadness more problematic and emotional infidelity -> ^ sadness
78
what differenteshat sex differents are observable between men and women-- sexual partners, sex acceptance, etc
women wanted avg 2.5-5 partners in lifetime men wanted 13-18 partners in lifetime most men accepted sex when just met eprson while women most didnt Evolutionary drive or is it that men are less desirable/more dangerous?
79
what were the results when asking bi ppl
both men and women more likely to accept offers from women (men still more liekly to accept oerall tho)
80
what was the trend with men vs women traits values in partner
women care more abt financial status, and all other measures (ie kindness, health, intelligence) men care more abt physical attractiveness
81
how does the big 5 play a role in evolution?
big 5= innate psychological mechanisms and behavioural strategies that developed to help us solve problems of survival and reproduction being able to perceive each in ppl has the most evolutionary value
82
what is the trade-off Perspective (Nettle)
that all levels of each trait have costs and benifits
83
Frequency Dependent Hypothesis
certain traits are only adaptive if there are also opposites
84
environmental triggers in the big 5
certain traits are activated in a given envronment gene-environment interaction
85
behaviourism and personality
personality is a group of learned responses to the environment can only be studied by observable behaviour Classical and Operant Conditioning
86
social learning and behaviorism - extraversion
if your extraverted thats because you were rewarded for extraverted behaviors by the ppl who raised u
87
classical conditioning in a clockwork orange (film) would it work irl?
injected with nausea (made ill) then exposed to violence -> feel sick whne see violence no because ppl driven to do their own thing
88
views of skinner
not great its good to study mental states behaviorism still helpful in psyc today bc cant rely on self-reports importance of O and T Data!
89
what are some types of cognitive approach
behavioralism,
90
what is social learning
1. observe behaviors ogf others being rewarded 2. use mind to connest the two 3. beside to behave similarly
91
what are 3 examples of social learning?
babies, violence in media, shaming rime
92
babies eager to help out even w.o reward is an example of what
seemingly innate altruism but could also be... direct reinforcement observational reinforcemet vicarious reinforcement
93
describe violent medias affect on violence thru classical conditioning, operant conditioning and obeservational learning
classical = positive emotions while playing -> pleasurable feelings associated with violence operant= rewarded with points for being violent observational= role models rewarded for being violent
94
which films lead to violence? Gregarious, old western, horror, comedy
gregarious (unnecessary) and realistic -> violence Old West- minimally violent horror- usually fake seeming
95
shaming crime leads to what?
may defer crime thru observational learning and anticipated punishment... but it also leads to internalization and deflection while guild focused on what you did it matters who the 'shamers' are
96
George Kelly Personal Construct Theory
suggests that people perceive the world through their own mental framework, or personal constructs, which are used to interpret experiences and information personality -> process info certain way -> representations (filte) of world/self/ppl
97
Rotters Locus on Control
internal- ones own abilities determines what happens external- its up to fate,the universe, etc
98
which locus of control is best? internall or external and what are they linked with?
internal linked to - increased academic performance - more effective health-prevention behaviours (ie immunization) - social/political activism but may not cope as well with things outside of control (disease, illness, loss) External - learned helplessness in dogs & shock - depression
99
what are the different explanitory styles?
the ways ppl habitually explain causes of neg events locus (internal/external) - its me or its the environment stability (unstable/stable) - last forever or go away global (global or specific) - is it in one domain or everything
100
pessimistic style exhibits what?
internal, stable, global (worst kind!) -> depression and health problems
101
what is the best kind of explanitory style
internalize, unstable, specific attributions ie i didn't study hard enough this time so ill do better next time
102
what did catastraphizing relate to?
= global attribution and led to mortality
103
what is cognitive therapy?
encourages ppl to reflect on their own cognitions and work on reshaping the negative ones change negative schemas and explanatory style failure = opportunity to learn
104
what are emotions?
discrete- momentary in specific situation traits- dispositional tendencies to chronically experience certain feelings - mood, temperment, emotional disorder
105
what is an emotion composd of?
thoughts, feelings, cognition, brain activation, non-verbal expression
106
what is the process of an emotion
event -> cog appraisal -> emotional feeling (physiology) -> emotional expression (rxn)
107
what personality traits regulate happiness which -> happiness?
extraversion and neuroticism - have dif emotional responses extraverts- happier when see pleasant pics neurotics- more upset from unpleasant pics
108
debete between subject -> situations with ^ happiness vs situation -> subject ^ happiness
109
what are the differing definitions of happiness- Aristotle, Rousseau, James
Aristotle- being good and self-virtue Rousseau- being bad/pleasure -- hedonism James- accomplishment
110
which theories are supported today?
Siglman says its based on living a life filled with purpose and meaning Kahneman: its because of experiencing more positive emotions and less negative ones so should self-indulge (hedonism)
111
are people generally happy? Where does canada fall?
yes, ppl happy ~65% time, neg ~20, neutral ~15 Canada is in the upper mid region f happiness in comparison to other places
112
what leads to happiness?
The cognitive-Affective approach says its experiencing happiness more than sad and having life satisfaction
113
whoch predicts happiness best? culture or wealth?
culture! more individualistic cultures = happier!
114
why are poorer countries less happy and do wage gaps predict happiness?
less access tohealthcare, food, etc yes they do, the higher the wage gap the happier wealthy people were
115
is there a relationship between inequality and happiness?
Found a negative correlation between happiness and societal inequality because of precieved unfairness among poorest 60%
116
Hedonism vs Eudemonia
hedonism: the sum of pleasant moments Eudemonia: life-well lived; meaning and purpose
117
what leads to happiness?
individualistic countries equality daily hedonism (boost pos affect) life -- eudemonia; purpose (emotions don't matter), social networks
118
what is a happiness/emotional set point?
the baseline of our happiness. it changes in response to big life events but eventually goes back to baseline avg = more happy than neutral
119
which theories of happiness are supported today?
Siglman says it's based on living a life filled with purpose and meaning Kahneman: its because of experiencing more positive emotions and less negative ones so should self-indulge (hedonism)
120
what did Deiner find in his daily/life satisfaction study
daily satisfaction is strongly correlated with life satisfaction high pleasent emotions low unpleasant emotions and daily interest all strongest factors
121
what are traits of neuroticism and how can you test someone for it?
moody, complaining, touchy, irritible easily upset bio - stable across lifespan, cross-cultural, ore active BIS possible cognative basis - remember more neg events & may get sick mre Stroop test (colours and words) - struggle to read anxiety-provoking words
122
Sadness/depression * Diathesis-stress model * Beck’s Cognitive theory
diathesis-stress model: some ppl genetically prone to sadness/depression & it can be activated becks cognitive theory: - Cognitive Triad: depressing view of the self, the world, and the future catastrophizing (stable) overgeneralization (Global) personal attributions (internal)
123
Anger-proneness & hostility
tendency to respond to everyday events with anger and aggression resentment Type A personality -- discovered by cardiologists (coronary heart disease patients)
124
what has rescent research found in regards to anger proneness and type A
its nothte overachieving part, its the hostility that leads to risk factrs heart disease, depression, obesity, smoking, SES
125
authentic vs hubristic pride
authentic- social investments, feel good abt self - high self-esteem - agreeable - good relationships hubristic pride- hostility, maladaptive traits - narcissistic, low self-esteem - shame prone
126
is there vidence for distinct expressions between hubristic and authentic pride
no, context is important