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Psyc 305 > M2- lecture 5 (guest) > Flashcards

M2- lecture 5 (guest) Flashcards

1
Q

what is a trait

A

attributes which seem generally characteristic of an individual, usually describing the personal/internal rather than external self
ie: shy, happy, organized, talkative

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2
Q

what arent traits

A

temporary, attitudes, cognitive ability (i.e. IQ), physical attributes (tall, fat), social categories

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3
Q

What are the 2 important ways of measuring trait taxonomies?

A

PEN and the BIG 5 (oceans)

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4
Q

what are the 3 traits of PEN?

A
  1. Psychoticism
    (testosterone levels)
  2. Extraversion
    (low psychological arousal)
  3. Neuroticism
    (fluctuations in Autonomic NS)
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5
Q

criticism of psychoticism dimension

A

questionable label accuracy… some argue it should be called antisocial personality
also relevance of sub-traits

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6
Q

criticisms of PEN

A

not all-inclusive– there are other factors

other traits show heritability, not just PEN (ie conscientiousness)

other taxonomies developed to address these issues (The Big 5 & Wiggins theory of interpersonal traits)

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7
Q

Who was Hans Eysenick and what was his Theoretical Approach?

A

he believed personal taxonomy should be rooted in biology and create a 2 dimensional (stable/unstable & introverted/extroverted) model

traits further together = more opposite, closer means similar

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8
Q

what is the 5-factor authentication model/the big 5?

A

OCEAN
openness
conscientiousness
extraversion
neuroticism

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9
Q

associations of the FFM
(grades, substance abuse, earnings)

conscientiousness & neuroticism

A

good grades -> high conscientiousness, low neuroticism

substance abuse -> low conscientiousness, high neuroticism

hgih earnings -> low neuroticism, high openness, high conscientiousness

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10
Q

whats missing from the big 5?

A

honest/humility as accounted for in HEXACO

religiosity & spiritualist typically emerge as separate

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11
Q

describe the plaster hypothesis and the contextualist perspective and which standpoint they take on (stable or plastic)

A

plaster hypothesis: personality traits are set in stone by 30

contextualist hypothesis: personality emerges from multiple sources; person-environment interactions

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12
Q

Mischeles Critique

on traits and predictability

A

knowing a person’s level on a specific trait doesn’t allow us to predict their behaviour in any specific situation

personality doesn’t predict behaviour & ppl act differently in different situations

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13
Q

what was the rise of social psyc?

A

less emphasis on personality traits and more on the situation’s effect on a person

freud, Jung, Maslow, Murray more skepticism and focused now on more doman specific things

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14
Q

Lewins Interactionalism

A

Behaviour is a function of a person and situation

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15
Q

Festingers Situationalism

A

personality = error variance, irrelevant

Emphasis of the power of the situation

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16
Q

situationalism

A

emphasized the power of the situation

  1. Milgrims obedience study (shock obedience)
  2. Asch’s conformity study: intentionally gave the wrong length online to see if ppl confirmed
  3. Zimbardos prison study: assigned guard or prisoner
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17
Q

Empiricle support for FFM

A

cross-cultural replication
replication with dif measures
genetic links
cross-species replication (ie chimps)

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18
Q

Traits of Openness

A

Fantasy, Aesthetics, Feelings, Ideas

open ppl remember dreams better,m more creative, enjoy novel experiences

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19
Q

agreeableness

A

trust
altrusim
modesty
compliance

resolve conflicts, are generous, are well-liked

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20
Q

neuroticism

A

anxiety
depression
vunerability
impulsiveness

highly emotional, mood swings and instability in relationships, are more fatigued

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21
Q

*result of mischeles critique

A

personality psyc suffered
fewer grad programs, fewer researchers & fewer jobs

social psyc blossomed
- lg area of research, grad programs, jobs, researchers… over time personality psyc made a comeback

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22
Q

*how personality psyc fought back

A
  1. personality traits predict behaviour over the long term!
    - I like batting average rather than plans this weekend
  2. broad traits predict broad behaviours and narrow traits predict narrow behaviours
  3. ppl may differ in how they behave across situations but are consistent relative to other ppl
    aka Rank-order consistency! (same slope)
  4. personality traits are stable over long periods of time
    - shyness consistent from week, year, lifespan
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23
Q

which factors predict behavior best? (situational characteristics or eprsonality traits?

A

Situational Characteristics when the situation is strong with high constraint (church)

Personality traits when situation is weak with low level of constraint (ie own room, football game)

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24
Q

mean-level shift/change

A

in a population, compare the average level of a trait at different ages

find significant average shifts over time in tandem with changes (CHANGES)

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25
Q

Rank-Order Stability

A

consistency of individual differences on traits found greater rank-order stability with age
esp between 1-12 & 50-59

relative personality levels remain generally stable, and increasingly so with age (STABLE)

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26
Q

Change and consistency is dictated by ____ transactions

A

Person-evnironment
(who we are leads us to take on certain roles which shapes who wea re which leads us to…)

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27
Q

mean level shift findings for Extraversion
agreeableness
conscientiousness
neuroticism

A

extraversion
- Starts off high in childhood, but gradually decreases and stabilizes over time.
- Small gradual decline in middle adulthood

Agreeableness
- Declines in adolescence but rapidly increases from young adulthood onwards
- Agreeableness becomes especially adaptive past age 30

Conscientiousness
- Similar pattern to agreeableness with more pronounced increase in adolescence
- Adaptive for young adults starting college, entering the workforce, etc.

Neuroticism
- Generally decreases over time from young adulthood
- Gender differences early on that narrow over time

Openness
- Shows modest increase over time from adolescence, flatlines in middle adulthood
Mixed findings: other research finds an overall decrease from ~30 onwards

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28
Q

Personality Change in College

A

maturity principle: ppl increase in traits that promote optimal behavior in adult social roles & decrease in less socially desirable traits
- ^ agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness
- decrease neuroticism

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29
Q

*where do trait taxonomies come from?

A

The lexical approach says that trait taxonomies are compiled cross-cultural universally

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30
Q

how can we know which traits are most important?

A

If a trait is important it will have Synonym Frequency (there will be many words for it)

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31
Q

*what is a trait taxonomy?

A

a hierarchical systematic way of organizing traits with the most important/basic at the top

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32
Q

Lexucal approach to studying pride

A

Step 1: Research procedure (have ppl list assiciated traits with pride)
2: figure out how the words group together

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33
Q

Statistical/Experimental Approach to studyin Pride

A

statistical analysis (clusters, etc)
step 1: have ppl rate the extent to which the trait describes them (1-5 scale)
2: enter data into the factor analysis program to see which traits “hold together” in people’s experiences

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34
Q

Theoretical approach to trait taxonomy

A

Think about how many traits should matter, based on some pre-articulated theory

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35
Q

Two Facet Theory

A

Authentic pride
– Promotes social investments – Fosters genuine self-esteem

  • Hubristic pride
    – Arrogance, egotism – Fosters narcissism

iffindingsfromconceptualstudyand factor analysis study converge with theoretical perspective, then we’ve probably found the structure of pride

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36
Q

is the replicibility crisis occuring in social or personality psyc?

A

social psyc and its demonstrating the poser of the situation

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37
Q

what does this mean for personality psyc?

A

It is equipped with the resources to heal with this, so it is on the rise again

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38
Q

what are the 3 basic assumptions of personality traits (bio)

A

– Reflect physiological differences between people
– Are largely genetically determined
– Are rooted in our evolutionary history

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39
Q

what is Phrenology and what is the modern view?

A

a pre-scientific approach to personality where regions of the head were associated with different traits (ie courage)

Modern view:
1) it’si nthebrain ,not the
head
2) it’s not that specific

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40
Q

What were Galens 4 humors?

A

yellow bile
black bile
phlem
blood

if one fluid was dominant, that would be the personality observed

now we know its neurotransmitters and hormones

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41
Q

modern approach:

A

genes as the building blocks of personality
- inherited evolutionarily
- shape personality and behaviour thru physiological reactions

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42
Q

modern approach: behavioral Genes

A

the study of how genes shape behavior

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43
Q

are behaviors (ie eprsonality) shaped by nature or nurture?

A

BOTH- gene & environment

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44
Q

Basic approaches (define)
Gene-envrionment interactionalism
Genetic determination

A

gene-environment: If gene and a particular environment, then a particular phenotype

Genetic determination: If gene then a particular phenotype (ie huntingtons)

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45
Q

Genotype vs phenotype

A

genotype = potentialities
phenotype= what we see

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46
Q

define heritibility; what is it not?

A

Heritability: is the extent to which individual differences in a trait, within a group of people, are due to differences in genes

only in groups and on differing genes

is NOT how much of a trait in a person is dep on genes

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47
Q

how does environment contribute to IQ?

A

it s a misconception that races are genetically different in IQ. Its actually the opportunities and environments
i.e. overachievers don’t have to go as high in a low-achieving school where they’re already the best as high achievers in a well-funded school

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48
Q

what is the methodoligy for anylizing differences in identical (MZ), DZ and MZ raised apart stins and which is best?

A

Twin Studies: compare concordance (similarity) of trait in MZ vs. DZ twins
– If MZ twins are more similar than DZ twins, that means trait is partly heritable
* Adoption Studies: compare concordance of trait between parents and biological vs. adopted kids
– If bio kids are more similar to parents than adoptive kids, trait is partly heritable
* MZ Twins Raised Apart
– Best Design: Simply look at the concordance of
the trait -> that’s its heritabilityw

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49
Q

what are some problems with behavior genetics methods

A

Math requires that DZ and MZ twins, and adoptive kids and bio kids, have same amount of shared environment
* Twin Studies
– Equal Environments Assumption
more so for MZ than DZ
Adoption Studies
– Representativeness (
– Selective placement (with similar parents)

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50
Q

what are the 3 important influences on personality (genes)

A

Geneticinfluences:Genesindividualsinherit from their parents
* Shared Environment: Environmental effects shared by family members (parenting style, family environment, schools, neighborhood, material resources)
* Non-sharedEnvironment:Environmentaleffects unique to the individual – NOT shared by family members (illnesses, friends, teachers, being treated differently by your parents)

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51
Q

whats the difference between gene-effects and environmental effects?
DZ vs MZ

A

gene-effects are what parents pass to their kids
DZ- 50% shared
MZ- 100% shared

Environmental effects can be shared or differing- family or environmental effects which affect MZ/DZ either similarly or differently

52
Q

parents attitudes toward each child is considered a ___ envrionment

A

non-shared

53
Q

which is the largest impactor of personality? (genes, shared-environment, non-shared environment)

A

non-shared environment

54
Q

do genes contribute to the Big 5?

A

yes and the differences ont he big 5 we see between twisn are the biggest predictors of personality

55
Q

which traits are most heritable?

A

Imagination, Neuroticism, Aggression (in that order)

56
Q

how do we explain heritibility of personality

A

genes -> neurotransmitters & hormones -> physiological reactivity -> thoughts & feelings -> personality

also predicts divorce

57
Q

is the conviction of a felony heritible?

A

yep!

58
Q

which adult traits are most related to temperament?

A

Extraversion & neuroticism

59
Q

what is temperament and what are some?

A

biologically based traits present at birth
- excitability
- sociability
- activity level

60
Q

what do these temperments relate to in adulthood?

A

excitability (neuroticism)
sociability (extraversion)
activity level

61
Q

what is Eyesncks theory of personality?

is there evidence?

what drugs does he say introverts vs extraverts use?

A

extraverts are under aroused and seek out social interactions for arousal

introverts are overaroused & avoid excessive stimulation

  • doesnt mean shy beause they can do it but they dont want to

yes shown in music levels, study spots, drug choice (i= sedatives, e= stimulants)

62
Q

What is Jeffrey Grays Theory and how does it relate to psychopaths

A

Believed it was bevcause of different sensitivities to reinforcement

BAS- sensitivity to reward
- activation -> dopamine release
- impulsive, poor gratification delay

BIS- sensitivity to punishment
- activation -> lower serotonin lvl’s
- nsecure, hyper cautious

Psychopaths = high BAS, low BIS

63
Q

is someone has high serotonin do they have high or low BIS?

A

low BIS- theyre negatively related!

related to depression & anxiety

64
Q

what are the 3 neurotransmitters/hormones related to personality?

A

Seritonin, dopamine, testosterone

65
Q

how does dopamine relate to personality? and which system is it related to?

A

linked to BAS

genetic basis for sensation seeking
D4DR
- long = sensation seeking (less efficient t binding w/ dop?)
- short = low sensation seeking

66
Q

is dopamine/sensation seeking heritable?

A

highly heritable- about 50%

67
Q

how does seritonin relate to personality

A

low seritonin -> depression & anxiety

MDMA helps by lowering inhibitions

68
Q

what trait is testosterone linked to? and what is some evidence?

A

aggression

Eyesenics PEN model

men in all cultures are higher in both testosterone and aggression

higher testosterone in violent crimes incarcerated

also linked to crime in low income men

69
Q

where is BIS/BAS/fear in the brain

A

RPFC- BIS (withdrawl)
LPFC- BAS (approach)
OFPFC- BIS & BAS (anticipation of Reward & punishment)
MPFC- the self
Amygdala- fear & emotion recognition

70
Q

define hte 2 focuses of evolutionary selection, and describe natural selection

A
  1. survival
  2. reproduction

natural selection- adaptive behaviors are passed on

71
Q

what are the selection types associated with the following

^ self-survival
^ mate/reproducing
^ survival of relatives

A

natural selection
sexual selection
inclusive fitness

72
Q

what is inclusive fitness and how does it suggest the “gay gene”

A

inclusive fitness explains seemingly maladaptive traits like altruism(selflessness) & self-sacrifice

esp towards kin

gay gene adaptive so there are more ppl to care for babies if overpopulation

73
Q

what is the reason for the universality of emotion expression and what is an example of it

A

natural selection

seen in isolated tribes expressed happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, surprise, anger– Papa New Guinea

also PRIDE!– burkina faso

see pride in blind judo too

74
Q

what is the sexual hypothesis and what is some evidence for it

how is it evolutionary?

A

Sexual Selection

Buss hypothesis

that external fertilization -> sexual jealousy

internal fertilization -> emotional jealousy

men have higher physiological reactions when imagining sexual infedility and women for emotional infideility
same found with memory

75
Q

what is the double-shot effect?

A

things assumed by each gender
ie women assume in love also means sexual
men assume that is sexual also in love

but Buss also found held true even when told no love sex

76
Q

what did the Cognative Load Study Find?

A

when under cog load women reacted just like men

found sexual infidelity more problematic

77
Q

what did the Emotional aspect find?

A

men find anger more problematic and sexual infidelity -> ^ anger

Women find sadness more problematic and emotional infidelity -> ^ sadness

78
Q

what differenteshat sex differents are observable between men and women– sexual partners, sex acceptance, etc

A

women wanted avg 2.5-5 partners in lifetime
men wanted 13-18 partners in lifetime

most men accepted sex when just met eprson while women most didnt

Evolutionary drive or is it that men are less desirable/more dangerous?

79
Q

what were the results when asking bi ppl

A

both men and women more likely to accept offers from women (men still more liekly to accept oerall tho)

80
Q

what was the trend with men vs women traits values in partner

A

women care more abt financial status, and all other measures (ie kindness, health, intelligence)

men care more abt physical attractiveness

81
Q

how does the big 5 play a role in evolution?

A

big 5= innate psychological mechanisms and behavioural strategies that developed to help us solve problems of survival and reproduction

being able to perceive each in ppl has the most evolutionary value

82
Q

what is the trade-off Perspective (Nettle)

A

that all levels of each trait have costs and benifits

83
Q

Frequency Dependent Hypothesis

A

certain traits are only adaptive if there are also opposites

84
Q

environmental triggers in the big 5

A

certain traits are activated in a given envronment
gene-environment interaction

85
Q

behaviourism and personality

A

personality is a group of learned responses to the environment

can only be studied by observable behaviour

Classical and Operant Conditioning

86
Q

social learning and behaviorism
- extraversion

A

if your extraverted thats because you were rewarded for extraverted behaviors by the ppl who raised u

87
Q

classical conditioning in a clockwork orange (film)

would it work irl?

A

injected with nausea (made ill) then exposed to violence -> feel sick whne see violence

no because ppl driven to do their own thing

88
Q

views of skinner

A

not great
its good to study mental states
behaviorism still helpful in psyc today bc cant rely on self-reports
importance of O and T Data!

89
Q

what are some types of cognitive approach

A

behavioralism,

90
Q

what is social learning

A
  1. observe behaviors ogf others being rewarded
    1. use mind to connest the two
    2. beside to behave similarly
91
Q

what are 3 examples of social learning?

A

babies, violence in media, shaming rime

92
Q

babies eager to help out even w.o reward is an example of what

A

seemingly innate altruism but could also be…
direct reinforcement
observational reinforcemet
vicarious reinforcement

93
Q

describe violent medias affect on violence thru classical conditioning, operant conditioning and obeservational learning

A

classical = positive emotions while playing -> pleasurable feelings associated with violence

operant= rewarded with points for being violent

observational= role models rewarded for being violent

94
Q

which films lead to violence?

Gregarious, old western, horror, comedy

A

gregarious (unnecessary) and realistic -> violence
Old West- minimally violent
horror- usually fake seeming

95
Q

shaming crime leads to what?

A

may defer crime thru observational learning and anticipated punishment… but it also leads to internalization and deflection while guild focused on what you did

it matters who the ‘shamers’ are

96
Q

George Kelly Personal Construct Theory

A

suggests that people perceive the world through their own mental framework, or personal constructs, which are used to interpret experiences and information

personality -> process info certain way -> representations (filte) of world/self/ppl

97
Q

Rotters Locus on Control

A

internal- ones own abilities determines what happens
external- its up to fate,the universe, etc

98
Q

which locus of control is best? internall or external and what are they linked with?

A

internal linked to
- increased academic performance
- more effective health-prevention behaviours (ie immunization)
- social/political activism
but may not cope as well with things outside of control (disease, illness, loss)

External
- learned helplessness in dogs & shock
- depression

99
Q

what are the different explanitory styles?

A

the ways ppl habitually explain causes of neg events
locus (internal/external)
- its me or its the environment
stability (unstable/stable)
- last forever or go away
global (global or specific)
- is it in one domain or everything

100
Q

pessimistic style exhibits what?

A

internal, stable, global (worst kind!)

-> depression and health problems

101
Q

what is the best kind of explanitory style

A

internalize, unstable, specific attributions
ie i didn’t study hard enough this time so ill do better next time

102
Q

what did catastraphizing relate to?

A

= global attribution and led to mortality

103
Q

what is cognitive therapy?

A

encourages ppl to reflect on their own cognitions and work on reshaping the negative ones
change negative schemas and explanatory style
failure = opportunity to learn

104
Q

what are emotions?

A

discrete- momentary in specific situation

traits- dispositional tendencies to chronically experience certain feelings
- mood, temperment, emotional disorder

105
Q

what is an emotion composd of?

A

thoughts, feelings, cognition, brain activation, non-verbal expression

106
Q

what is the process of an emotion

A

event -> cog appraisal -> emotional feeling (physiology) -> emotional expression (rxn)

107
Q

what personality traits regulate happiness

which -> happiness?

A

extraversion and neuroticism
- have dif emotional responses

extraverts- happier when see pleasant pics

neurotics- more upset from unpleasant pics

108
Q

debete between subject -> situations with ^ happiness vs situation -> subject ^ happiness

A
109
Q

what are the differing definitions of happiness- Aristotle, Rousseau, James

A

Aristotle- being good and self-virtue
Rousseau- being bad/pleasure – hedonism
James- accomplishment

110
Q

which theories are supported today?

A

Siglman says its based on living a life filled with purpose and meaning

Kahneman: its because of experiencing more positive emotions and less negative ones so should self-indulge (hedonism)

111
Q

are people generally happy? Where does canada fall?

A

yes, ppl happy ~65% time, neg ~20, neutral ~15

Canada is in the upper mid region f happiness in comparison to other places

112
Q

what leads to happiness?

A

The cognitive-Affective approach says its experiencing happiness more than sad and having life satisfaction

113
Q

whoch predicts happiness best? culture or wealth?

A

culture! more individualistic cultures = happier!

114
Q

why are poorer countries less happy and do wage gaps predict happiness?

A

less access tohealthcare, food, etc

yes they do, the higher the wage gap the happier wealthy people were

115
Q

is there a relationship between inequality and happiness?

A

Found a negative correlation between happiness and societal inequality

because of precieved unfairness among poorest 60%

116
Q

Hedonism vs Eudemonia

A

hedonism: the sum of pleasant moments
Eudemonia: life-well lived; meaning and purpose

117
Q

what leads to happiness?

A

individualistic countries
equality
daily hedonism (boost pos affect)
life – eudemonia; purpose (emotions don’t matter), social networks

118
Q

what is a happiness/emotional set point?

A

the baseline of our happiness. it changes in response to big life events but eventually goes back to baseline

avg = more happy than neutral

119
Q

which theories of happiness are supported today?

A

Siglman says it’s based on living a life filled with purpose and meaning

Kahneman: its because of experiencing more positive emotions and less negative ones so should self-indulge (hedonism)

120
Q

what did Deiner find in his daily/life satisfaction study

A

daily satisfaction is strongly correlated with life satisfaction

high pleasent emotions
low unpleasant emotions
and daily interest
all strongest factors

121
Q

what are traits of neuroticism and how can you test someone for it?

A

moody, complaining, touchy, irritible
easily upset
bio - stable across lifespan, cross-cultural, ore active BIS

possible cognative basis - remember more neg events & may get sick mre

Stroop test (colours and words)
- struggle to read anxiety-provoking words

122
Q

Sadness/depression
* Diathesis-stress model
* Beck’s Cognitive theory

A

diathesis-stress model: some ppl genetically prone to sadness/depression & it can be activated

becks cognitive theory:
- Cognitive Triad: depressing view of the self, the world, and the future

catastrophizing (stable)
overgeneralization (Global)
personal attributions (internal)

123
Q

Anger-proneness & hostility

A

tendency to respond to everyday events with anger and aggression

resentment

Type A personality – discovered by cardiologists (coronary heart disease patients)

124
Q

what has rescent research found in regards to anger proneness and type A

A

its nothte overachieving part, its the hostility that leads to risk factrs
heart disease, depression, obesity, smoking, SES

125
Q

authentic vs hubristic pride

A

authentic- social investments, feel good abt self
- high self-esteem
- agreeable
- good relationships

hubristic pride- hostility, maladaptive traits
- narcissistic, low self-esteem
- shame prone

126
Q

is there vidence for distinct expressions between hubristic and authentic pride

A

no, context is important

Psyc 305 (4 decks)

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