M1- Lecture 1 & 2 Flashcards
The Royal Tennenbaums & Themes in Personality focis on what 4 points?
- individual differences
- motives, goals, emotions
- personality change and continuity over time
- childhood influence on adulthood
how can we describe personality? (5 elements) (DEVMM)
- Descriptive characteristics (ie traits)
- intelligent, hardworking - motives and goals
- achievement or relationship motivated - values
- honest, loyal, selfish - emotional tendencies
- moody, anxious, optimistic - memories/experiences
- parent only took lil sibling out
where does the term personality come from?
its greek
‘persona” = mask
- represents a character in a play to convey social class, gender and expression easily to audience
How are people ‘using’ personality in the following situation?
“Peter” talking about an old friend from high school
* “He is a real outgoing person. He is friendly, but he’s not the type who goes along with the crowd all the time, so he’s kind of independent also.”
description
How are people ‘using’ personality in the following situation?
“Jen” talking about her last date
* “It’s not his looks or his athletic ability, and it’s certainly not his intelligence—it’s his personality that I like”
evaluation
How are people ‘using’ personality in the following situation?
- “Alex” complaining about his partner
- “She always does something that she knows will annoy me. I have told her a million times that I don’t like it, and she keeps saying she will change but never does.”
continuity
what is the scientific definition of personality?
Consistent and enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that influence a person’s interactions with, and adaptations to, the environment
how do we use thought to define personality?
our beliefs
values
and expectetions reflect us as a person
hwo do we use feelings to define personality?
emotions and passions give a good gage of a persons personality
How do we use behaviors to define personality?
actions/what we do
- always late, partier, anjoy skydiving
What is the goal of personality psychology
understanding AND explaining behavior
where do personality psychologists work
uni, college, research institutes, CIA, FBI, conulting firms, advertising/marketing
define the 3 levels of personaluty analysis.
Human Nature; Individual Differences: Unique Life story
human nature- relate to group
individual differences- relate to some
unique life story- like no one else
ude agression as a model for the 3 analyseses of personalty (universal, individual, unique)
ppl all respond agressively is life threatened & cant excape
some ppl agressive when cut off on road
agressive from indivudual perspective
how does personality psyc differ from social psychology?
personality
- focus on individual differences
social psychologists
- focus on human nature level
what occured in teh STanford Prison Experiement & Abu Ghraid Scandal and why did personality psychologists care?
coaching ppl how to behave in environment
-> ppl behave differently than they normally would
-> placing ppl in these environments -> abnormal reactions and “anyone in their shoes would do the same”
Chuck Graner- was actually an abuser and had an agressive personality
Lynndie England- had an overly compliant personality in the fac eof percieved authority
What were 3. pre-sceintific methods to measuring personality?
Astrology
- personality based on birthday
Physiognomy
- personality shaped on body shape (especially face)
Phrenology
- personality assessment based on morphpogy (shape) of skull
what does LOTS of data stand for?
LOTS of data!
life history data
observer reports- observing behaviour
test data
self-reports (surveys)
what are some examples of self-report surveys?
Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI)
- read a number of personality traits and rank how much each resonates with u
what are advantages of self-report data?
allows us to study hard to observe behaviors, thoughts, feelings
easy to cover large group quickly
What are some disadvantages of self-report data?
convenience sampling -> group doesnt represent whole
responses biased or untruthful
discribe observer-report data
observers can be: friends, fam, loved ones, experimenter
what are advantages of Observer-report Data?
Capture spontaneous behavior
avoid bias of self reports
disadvantages of observer-report data
researcher interference- are ppl acting “naturally”?
some behaviors are rare
observer bias & selective attn
time consuming
What is the purpose of using Test Date to anylize personality?
assess abilities, cognitions, motivations or behaviors by observing performance
Is test data descriptive of the person?
the data reflects assigned meaning from the researcher prior to the test
Give some examples of test data
questionaire tests (ie IQ)
experimental (performance_
Physiological (Bp, heart rate, startle)
- brain imaging, behavioural (ie where someone walks)
Projective techniques (i.e. Rorschach- perception)
disadvantages of test data
must infer test measures what we think it measures aka
VALIDITY PROBLEMS
advantages of test data
measures hard-to-observe characteristics or unconscious data
how do case studies/life data measure personality
intensive examination of single person/group
where can we obtain Case Study data
interviews, autobiography, school grades, crominal recordws, work record, social media
advantages & disadvantages of Case Study
advantages
-allows study of rare behaviors
disadvantages
- observer bias, difficult to generalize to larger group
- hard to reconstruct causes from past events
explain reliability
extent to which scores are stable & replicable- CONSISTENCY
what are the 3 types or reliability
test-retest (2 testing times high correlation?)
internal consistency (do scores correlate)
inter-rater reliability (only for observational data!)
Explain Validity
does it measure what its SUPPOSED to measure
- ACCURACY
what types of validity do we measure?
face validity (measure what we think it measures)
predictive validity
convergent validity (relate to other tests measuring same variable)
construct validity (all of the above)
is high validity correllated with lots or a little data?
a lot of data
describe some Questionable Research Practices
small samples
additional dependent variables
peeking at data
dropping an experimental condition
