The Humanistic/Phonomelogical Approach

Question 1

how does Motives theory relate t o the Humanistic Perspective?

Answer 1

The humanistic perspective attempts to apply motives theory to make people’s lives better with a focus on their conscious motives & responsibility

Question 2

what were 3 basic assumptions of Humanistic Perspective?

Answer 2

Emphasis on Phenomelogy (individual differences in perception & subjectivity)
Self-Actualization- ppl inherently good & strive for growth
Emphasis on self.identity (ego- universal need for psitive regard

Question 3

who was Maslow & what’d he do?

Answer 3

he created a hierarchy of needs & theorized we must meet the lowest levels before we can strive towards ‘self-actualization’

Question 4

what are his 5 needs?

Answer 4

physiological, safety, love & belonging, esteem (not just self but others too!), self-actualization

Question 5

what is the weird thing abt self actualization?

Answer 5

once we are considered self-actualized, we fall away from the prior needs that got us there, and…
solitude, independence from culture, self-acceptance, creativity & frequent peak experiences occur!

Question 6

what are some problems wirht Maslow?

Answer 6

they represent what ppl ‘should do’ and don’t align with the scientific understanding of human nature

• ie if purpose of creativity of self-fulfillment how does this help species survive?
  evolutionary theory values creativity less because of its lack of contribution to reproduction

Question 7

What is the layout for the “Modern’ take on Maslow & why is this controversial?

Answer 7

physiological, self-protection, affiliation, status, mate acquisition, mate retention, parenting

people say that this emphasized parenting & lack of personal creativity to self-actualization

Question 8

what was Carl Rogers belief?

Answer 8

ppl are inherently good & by showing unconditional positive regard & empathy, one could heal their clients- “client-centered therapy”

eble to embrace and accept their authentic self

Question 9

William James believed what about the duality of the self?

Answer 9

there were 2 components: the “Me” and the “I”

Me: self as the object that can be observed
I: Self as the agent doing the observing – self-consciousness

Question 10

what is self consciousness?

Answer 10

the “I”, or self-awareness

Question 11

what is self-concept

Answer 11

the “me” of conception of ones sels as a physical, social, psychological, moral being

a self of self?

Question 12

what is self-esteem

Answer 12

global evaluation (pos vs neg) of ones self
- liking, acceptance, competence

Question 13

what is the classification of a self-concept?

Answer 13

personal, ascribed, social & group, interests, posessions (materials), abstract

Question 14

hwo do we know a child has a sense of self

Answer 14

linguistic markers (18m)
Cognative behavioural markers (18-24m)
Emotional markers (2.5-3y)

Question 15

what are some linguistic markers of sense of self and when do they appear?

Answer 15

linguistic markers (18m)
- self referencing
nonverbal recognition (puzzle vid)
reference to personal events

Question 16

what are cognative markers of sense of self and when do they appear?

Answer 16

18-24m
- imitation & role taking
- mirror self-recognition
- rouge test (lipstick on nose)

Question 17

how did they measure which other animals had mirror self recognition? and which animals passed?

Answer 17

wiped noses
chimps, orangutans, gorillas (not monkeys!)
elephants, dolpins, ppl, magpies…
not dogs :(

Question 18

what was found when people had miltiple selves as opposed to a unitary self? What dpes this predict about physiological causes to multiple selves?

Answer 18

they had lower well-being and self esteem and this continued into later life
- also predicted relationship and career changes

This predicts physiological fragmentation & a lack of integrated core self

Question 19

What is Self-Esteem and what are its 2 components?

Answer 19

Evaluation of ones self as a physical, social, psychological and moral being
recall 2 components: Affective & Cognative

Question 20

what is teh Affective component of self esteem?

Answer 20

feelings and the self & self liking

Question 21

what is the cognitive component of self esteem?

Answer 21

thoughts abt one’s competencies and abilities

Question 22

how can we measrue self-esteem?

Answer 22

self-report scales and observer reports

Question 23

what is the usual course of self esteemthrough the lifespan?

Answer 23

most ppl have a pretty good self-esteem
it drops from age 9/12 - 13/17 and slowly rises from there
however, for those aged 71-80 there is a fairly steep drop in self-esteem :(

Question 24

what os different about US self esteem in comparrison to other countries?

Answer 24

the US has a higher self-esteem, which continues through the lifespan

if it follows the same general couse but is consistently a few levels higher than others

Question 25

are there any limitations with the cross-sectional internet study on self esteem?

Answer 25

sample selectivity (was done in 2001 so not many ppl had internet)
cross-sectional design
- cohort (ie experienced the Great Depression) & selective mortality (all ppl studied wsere ones who lived to that age)

Question 26

Noise Blasting study

Answer 26

showed that ppl high in Narcissism (not self-esteem) became agressive agter ego threat (this paper sucks)

Takeaway: high self-esteem is fine, but narcissism can be!

Question 27

Positive Illusions kids vs adolescents

Answer 27

in kids programs -> narcissistic traits

undergrads -> happier but less happy over course of uni, more leikly to drop out, didnt perform better although they thought they would