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History - Russia > The Provisional Government > Flashcards

The Provisional Government Flashcards

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1
Q

which groups where part of the Petrograd Soviet

A

factory workers, mutinous army and naval unity elected representatives for the new Petrograd Soviet

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2
Q

when the tsar abdicated how many members of the Duma Committee formed the Provisional Government

A

12

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3
Q

which group was the Provisional Government set up with

A

Petrograd Soviets + Duma Committee

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4
Q

where were the Petrograd Soviet executive and the Provisional Government help meetings in which place

A

Tauride Palace

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5
Q

who was the leader of the Provisional Government

A

Prince Lvov

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6
Q

when was the Provisional Government formally established

A

2 March 1917

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7
Q

the Provisional Governments firsts acts were to:
(5 things)

A
  • release political + religious prisoners
  • promise full democratic freedom
  • end the death penalty
  • take over land belonging to the Tsar
  • take local government, across Russian, out of hands of tsarist officials and transfer power to zemstovs - local councils
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8
Q

the Petrograd Soviet agreed to support the Provisional Government only if these 8 principles were followed:

A
  1. Amnesty for all political prisoners
  2. Freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, right to strike
  3. No privileges of class, religion or nationality
  4. Elections or a Constituent Assembly
  5. Elected people’s militia to replace all police units
  6. Local governments to be elected
  7. Military units that took part in the revolution to stay together, keep weapons and not be sent to the front
  8. Off-duty soldiers to have same rights as citizens
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9
Q

how was Russia entering a period of ‘Dual Control’

A

there two 2 governments :
- the Provisional government
- Petrograd Soviets - network of soviets

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10
Q

How did the Provisional Governments position weaken due to ‘Dual power’

A
  • had no control over areas: railways + postal service
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11
Q

name the problems that the Petrograd soviet caused for the Provisional Government/ how they undermined them

A
  • Pet Sov controlled the railway system + postal + telegraph services –> caused major problems for Prov Gov : these key areas were out of their control
  • ordinary members of army units + naval ships took control of units and ships –> elected members to the Petrograd Soviet
  • Pet Sov set up groups to organise food suplies - another responsibility lost to the soviets
  • had their own newspaper to spread its ideas: Izvestya (Russian for ‘News’)
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12
Q

who was Alexander Kerensky

A
  • was a lawyer and moderate socialist
  • a member of both Provisional Gov and Petrograd Soviet
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13
Q

when and what title did Kerensky gain with the Provisional Government

A
  • was 1st Minister of Justice in Prov Gov
  • May 1917: became Minister of War
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14
Q

when and what did Kerensky become after the failure of the June Offensive and when was he overthrown

A
  • July 1917: became Minister-Chairman (leader) of the Provisional Government, in place of Prince Lvov
  • October 1917 : overthrown by Bolsheviks
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15
Q

what crucial mistakes did Kerensky make when he was the leader of the Provisional Government in June 1917

A
  • continued to support war –> angered ordinary soldiers
  • acted against old ruling classes –> lost support from conservatives
  • failed to control Bolsheviks
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16
Q

what order did the Provisional Government follow that showed their lack of control over the military

A

‘Order Number 1’ - published by Petrograd garrison on 1 March

17
Q

what were he conditions of ‘Order number 1’

A

army + navy would only obey orders from the Provisional Government if they were also approved by the Petrograd Soviets

18
Q

how did ‘Order Number 1’ greatly undermine the authority of the Provisional Government

A

Petrograd Soviets now had finial say on military matters, not the Provisional Government

19
Q

how did the failure to hold a general election weaken the Provisional Governments position

A

allowed people to say government lacked support

20
Q

why did the public believe that the Provisional Government lacked legitimacy

A
  • was formed from Duma, was elected in 1912 under tsarist regime –> only small percentage could vote
  • did not represent the wider population yet still claimed authority over Russia
  • compared to direct elections of workers, soldiers and peasants to the soviets –> Prov Gov didn’t look supportive –> had little authority
21
Q

what were the 3 reasons that the Provisional government were reluctant to let peasants seize the land of landowners and wealthier peasants:

A
  1. thought it should wait until after general election before allowing huge change
  2. feared if land redistributed among peasant –> huge numbers of fighting soldiers would return home in order not to miss out
    - Russian army + navy made mostly of conscripted peasants
  3. afraid Russia would fall apart in disorganised violence + disorder
22
Q

why was the reluctance to let peasants seize land a major mistake for the Provisional Governement

A
  • peasants seized land anyway –> resented soldiers sent by Prov Gov to stop them
  • lost support + gained resentment
23
Q

why was the Provisional Governments decision to continuing to fight in the war a failure

A
  • Petrograd Soviet only supported war if it was only defending Russian territory, no advances, invasion on enemy territory
  • ordinary members of soviet: troops, workers, general population wanted to end war + bring soldiers home
24
Q

why was the June Offensive 1917 a failure?

A
  • attacked Austrian + German armies in Galicia (southern Poland)
  • attack was disaster : Russian soldiers refused to advance –> 200,000 Russian casualties
  • Russian army retreated : Germans advanced into Ukraine (Russian territory)
  • after June Offensive: Kerensky took over Provisional Government leadership from Prince Lvov
25
Q

in summary what were the 9 weakness and failure of the Provisional Government:

A
  • Lack of decisive leadership
  • Lack of control over military : Order No. 1
  • Dual Power : Petrograd Soviet undermining them
  • Failure to hold general election
  • Lack of legitimacy - not elected by the people (unlike soviets)
  • Failure to provide more land for peasants
  • More democracy + free speech = more criticism of government
  • Failure to improve the economy - no quick way to solve shortages
  • Continuing to fight in the war : June offensive
26
Q

by which month in 1917 was the Provisional Governments position severely weakened?

A

August

27
Q

why were the soldiers, workers and peasants all in discontent with the Provisional Government?

A
  • Soldiers: angry because of the June Offensive
  • Workers: wanted Petrograd Soviet to be in charge –> would give them more benefit + influence
  • Peasants: wanted a government that gave them land
28
Q

what was Kornilov and what were his aims

A
  • July 1917: Commander-in-Chief of Russian army by Kerensky to restore discipline
  • Aims:
    • create strong government
    • defeat revolutionary groups in Petrograd –> march on Petrograd to restore order
  • Russia needed military rule
29
Q

what happened during the Kornilov Revolt

A
  • 24 August: sent troops to Petrograd to shut down the Petrograd soviet
  • Kerensky allowed Bolsheviks to arm their supporters to defend Petrograd from Kornilov troops –> names Red Guards
30
Q

why did Kerensky see Kornilov as a threat

A

Kornilov decided Russia needed a military rule –> Kerensky saw as a threat to Provisional Government

31
Q

what did Kerensky want to be perceived as when he defended Petrograd, but how did this fail

A

wanted to seen as saviour of Petrograd
Backfired: people saw the Bolshevik Red Guards as saviour , not Kerensky

32
Q

why did the Kornilov revolt fail

A
  1. soldiers were no longer following orders
  2. Petrograd workers acted to defend their revolution :
    - Printers refused to print newspapers that expressed support or Kornilov
    - railway workers disrupted train carrying soldiers
    - steelworkers met the train and persuaded soldiers to desert
33
Q

how was the Kornilov Revolt significant when it further weakened the Provisional Government

A
  • increase popularity for Bolsheviks:
    • seen as only group prepared to defend Petrograd Soviet from Kornilov
    • only group that never supported the Provisional Government + ready to use force to increase workers’ power
34
Q

how did the Red Guards give the Bolsheviks a huge advantage over the Provisional government

A

‘Red Guards’ formed by workers to protect Petrograd Soviet
- most of these men were **Bolsheviks / Bolshevik supporters
- Huge advantage : Prov Gov struggling to find soldiers that could rely on to obey orders

35
Q

how was the Kornilov Revolt significant for gaining Bolshevik political support

A

31 August Bolsheviks won most seats in Petrograd Soviet election

History - Russia (18 decks)

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