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European Reformation > The Protestant Challenge, 1521-31 > Flashcards

The Protestant Challenge, 1521-31 Flashcards

1
Q

When was ‘Murdering, Thieving Hoards of Peasants’ published?

A

Late May 1525

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2
Q

When was ‘Address to the Christian Nobility’ published?

A

1520

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3
Q

What did Luther write in 1529 as a guidance for preachers?

A

‘Large Catechism’

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4
Q

What did Luther publish in 1529 for children, and what was it composed of?

A

‘Shorter Catechism’ - composed of carefully constructed questions and answers

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5
Q

Who said that Wittenberg “signalled the ability of Lutherans to submit to the clear authority of one leader, one church, one prince and one magistrate”?

A

Ulinka Rublack

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6
Q

How many cities had printing centres within the HRE by 1500?

A

60

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7
Q

How many broadsheets were printed between 1500 and 1526, of which Luther was the author of 20% of them?

A

7500

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8
Q

How many of Luther’s works were printed in German between 1518 and 1529?

A

80%

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9
Q

In what period were over 1000 editions of Luther’s works printed in Wittenberg, the key printing centre?

A

1516-1546

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10
Q

What happened in Basle the pressurised the town council to adopt the Reformation?

A

Influence of over 12 trade guilds

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11
Q

What percentage of the population lived in the countryside?

A

85%

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12
Q

Which Elector forbade the circulation of Luther’s works?

A

Elector Joachim of Brandenburg

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13
Q

Which Duke published a mandate against Luther’s teachings?

A

Duke Heinrich of Wolfenbuttel

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14
Q

Which Duke outlawed evangelical publications?

A

Duke George of Saxony

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15
Q

Who was eager to enforce the Edict of Worms within his territory?

A

Wilhelm IV of Bavaria

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16
Q

Who was unwilling to confiscate church properties because of the potentially hostile reaction of his nobles?

A

Landgrave Philip of Hesse

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17
Q

What did the princes declare at the Diet of Nuremberg (1522-23)?

A

They were willing to enforce the Edict of Worms but only to the extent that it did not provoke rebellion.

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18
Q

What emerged in 1526 to resist the Edict of Worms?

A

Defensive League of Torgau

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19
Q

How many princes and imperial cities signed the 1529 Protestation?

A

Six princes and fourteen imperial cities

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20
Q

When was the Diet of Worms?

A

January - May 1521

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21
Q

When was the Diet of Nuremberg?

A

November 1522 - February 1523

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22
Q

When was the first Diet of Speyer?

A

June - August 1526

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23
Q

When was the Second Diet of Speyer?

A

March - April 1529

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24
Q

What was the date of the second Diet of Speyer’s recess that banned the introduction of Zwinglianism?

A

22nd April 1529

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25
Q

When was the Protestation published, after the second Diet of Speyer?

A

19th July 1529

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26
Q

When was the Marburg Colloquy?

A

1st - 4th October 1529

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27
Q

When was the Diet of Augsburg?

A

1530

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28
Q

On what day within the Diet of Augsburg was the enforcement of the edict of Worms required?

A

22nd September 1530

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29
Q

When was the Schmalkaldic League formed?

A

1531

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30
Q

How many princes and cities signed the 1530/1 Confession of Augsburg?

A

Seven princes and two cities

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31
Q

Who drafted the Tetrapolitan Confession?

A

Jakob Sturm; Wolfgang Capito; Martin Bucer

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32
Q

When and what was the purpose of the Tetrapolitan Confession?

A

July 1530 - conciliatory compromise confession to prevent Protestant schism between Zwinglians and Lutherans

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33
Q

Which cities signed the Tetrapolitan Confession?

A

Strasbourg; Constance; Memmingen and Lindau

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34
Q

Which two princes favoured Luther due to the economic benefits of secularising Church property and the receipt of Church taxes?

A

Albrecht of Hohenzollern and Margrave Casimir of Brandenburg

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35
Q

How many times did Charles V say he visited Germany in his abdication speech?

A

9 times

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36
Q

When were the two Sieges of Vienna?

A

1529 and 1532

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37
Q

When was the first Habsburg-Valois war?

A

1521-26

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38
Q

When was the Revolt of the Comuneros?

A

16th April 1520 - 25th October 1521

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39
Q

Which three Lutheran-esque events was Charles V present at?

A

1521 Diet of Worms
1530 Diet of Augsburg
1541 Regensburg Colloquy

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40
Q

What was the ambiguous conclusion of the First Diet of Speyer?

A

“each one” should “live, govern, and carry himself as he hopes and trusts to answer it to God and His Imperial Majesty.”

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41
Q

What were the conciliatory elements of the Augsburg Confession?

A

Emphasised shared doctrine, like the Real Presence, but ignored controversial tenets, like Catholic purgatory or Lutheran Priesthood of All Believers.

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42
Q

What was Luther’s late-May 1525 publication?

A

‘Murdering, Thieving Hordes of Peasants’

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43
Q

Who siphoned funds from the indulgence campaign to pay for a bishopric? When?

A

Albrecht of Brandenburg acquired the archbishopric of Mainz in 1514 via simony

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44
Q

When was the Sack of Rome?

A

6th May 1627

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45
Q

When was Luther placed under the imperial ban?

A

May 1521

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46
Q

When was Luther ‘kidnapped’ and taken to Wartburg Castle for his own protection, by Frederick the Wise?

A

April 1521

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47
Q

What did Luther’s 1520 ‘Address to the German Nobility’ emphasise?

A

Princes’ own divine right

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48
Q

What year was Luther’s ‘On Secular Authority’ published?

A

1523

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49
Q

What did Luther’s 1523 ‘On Secular Authority’ stress?

A

The importance of obeying political rulers

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50
Q

What did Ulinka Ruback say about Wittenberg?

A

“signalled the ability of Lutherans to submit to the clear authority of one leader, one church, one prince and one magistrate”

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51
Q

Who were the two leaders of the Imperial Knights’ Revolt?

A

Franz von Sickenden and Ulrich von Hutten

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52
Q

Who had to be involved in the Imperial Knights Revolt’s military engagement?

A

Ferdinand I of Austria

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53
Q

After which event did the (future) leaders of the Imperial Knights’ Revolt (Franz von Sickengen and Ulrich von Hutten) offer Luther protection?

A

1521 Diet of Worms

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54
Q

When and on whom did the Imperial Knights’ Revolt leaders (Franz von Sickengen and Ulrich von Hutten) declare war? Why was this symbolic?

A

November 1522 - Elector Archbishop of Trier. Symbolic criticism of the Church’s political control of Germany.

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55
Q

What portion of Germany did the Church control, and through what?

A

1/5 through prince bishops

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56
Q

How many elector positions did the Church control?

A

3/7

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57
Q

What and when was the final battle of the Imperial Knights’ Revolt?

A

1523 Siege of Nanstein

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58
Q

How did the Imperial Knights’ Revolt leaders die, and when?

A

Both in 1523 - Franz von Sickenden shortly after the Siege of Nanstein, and Ulrich von Hutten from syphilis.

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59
Q

What and when was Ulrich von Hutten’s patient narrative of his experience with syphilis (thought to be one of the first)?

A

1519 - ‘On the French disease’

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60
Q

Who was the Lutheran who commanded the largest group of peasants in the Peasants’ War? How many did he lead, and at what battle?

A

Thomas Muntzer, 8000 peasants at the Battle of Frankenhausen

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61
Q

When was the closest thing to a Peasants’ War manifesto published? What was its name?

A

15th March 1525 - ‘The Twelve Articles of the Black Forest

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62
Q

Why was the 15th March 1525 ‘The twelve Articles of the Black Forest’ Lutheran in nature?

A

Echoed theology of sola scripture, sola fide and the Priesthood of All Believers

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63
Q

How many copies of the 15th March 1525 ‘The Twelve Articles of the Black Forest’ were sold?

A

25,000

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64
Q

How many parishes in Germany had a priest?

A

1/14

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65
Q

What did Luther say in his document advocating for the peasants, what was it called, and when was it published?

A

May 1525: ‘Admonition for Peace’. He blamed nobles for not being attentive to the needs of their peasants.

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66
Q

Why were the peasants involved in the Peasants’ Revolt likely not incentivised by Lutheranism?

A

Elitist movement, excluded the illiterate through emphasis on scripture

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67
Q

What % of the national population were literate?

A

5%

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68
Q

What was the literacy rates for German cities?

A

10-30%

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69
Q

What and when was the uprising that may have inspired the Peasants’ War?

A

Bunscuh Risings of 1493-1517

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70
Q

Who defeated the peasant armies of the Peasants’ War?

A

Swabian League - coalition of princes

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71
Q

How many people were involved in the Peasants’ War?

A

300,000

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72
Q

How many people were killed by the Swabian League, from battlefield casualties and subsequent reprisals

A

100,000

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73
Q

How did the Swabian League crushing the Peasants’ War benefit Luther’s movement?

A

Showed the nobles they could be independent from the Emperor and therefore encouraged their assertiveness

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74
Q

What did Luther say in his 1525 publications against the Peasants’ War (late May - ‘On the Murdering, Thieving Hordes of Peasants’; June/July - ‘An Open Letter on the Harsh Book Against the Peasants’)?

A

Echoed previous theology emphasising the status of princes as God’s stewards on Earth

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75
Q

What was Luther’s June/July 1525 publication?

A

‘An Open Letter on the Harsh Book Against the Peasants’

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76
Q

Who were the first three openly Lutheran princes, 1525/6?

A

Albrecht of Prussia; John the Constant; and Philip of Hesse.

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77
Q

When did the Swiss lands secure independence from the HRE?

A

1499

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78
Q

What did Zwingli misread?

A

Levels of rural Protestant support, and the reaction to his aggressive foreign policy

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79
Q

How did Zwingli alienate the Civic Christian Union?

A

With his economic blockade ‘compromise’

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80
Q

In a private letter to a friend (Bulinger), what did Zwingli warn about the economic blockade? What year was this?

A

1531 - worried a blockade would “displease” the “common folk” and “many friends would become enemies”.

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81
Q

What did Zwingli accuse Luther of, and in what work?

A

Accused Luther of “obstinate stubbornness” in ‘Amica Exegesis’

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82
Q

What was the date of Zwingli’s letter to Philip of Hesse, filled with flattery?

A

15th May 1525

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83
Q

Who wrote the work martyrising Zwingli after his death?

A

1536 - Oswald Myconius’ ‘Ulrich Zwingli; Life and Death’

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84
Q

What legend did Oswald Myconius’ ‘Ulrich Zwingli; Life and Death’ (1536) create?

A

Zwingli’s heart continued beating because of its purity

85
Q

What was Erasmus’ September 1524 publication?

A

‘On the Freedom of the Will’

86
Q

When was Erasmus’ ‘On the Freedom of the Will’ published?

A

September 1524

87
Q

What did Erasmus’ ‘On the Freedom of the Will’ oppose?

A

Lutheran doctrine of ‘sola fide’

88
Q

What was Luther’s response to Erasmus’ September 1524 ‘On the Freedom of the Will’?

A

‘On the Bondage of the Will’ - attacked Erasmus’ views on justification and reaffirmed his 1520 teachings

89
Q

When was Luther’s ‘On the Bondage of the Will’ published?

A

December 1525

90
Q

What was Luther’s December 1525 publication?

A

‘On the Bondage of the Will’

91
Q

What did Luther’s ‘On the Bondage of the Will’ respond to?

A

Erasmus’ ‘On the Freedom of the Will’

92
Q

When was the Battle of Pavia?

A

24th February 1525

93
Q

Who won at the Battle of Pavia, 24th February 1524?

A

Charles V, against. Francis I

94
Q

What was the League of Cognac? When was it formed?

A

Alliance between France, the Pope (among others) against Charles V

95
Q

When was the Schmalkaldic League formed?

A

1531

96
Q

When did Luther burn the papal bull ‘Exsurge Domine’?

A

10th December 1520

97
Q

What did Luther burn alongside ‘Exsurge Domine’ on the 10th December 1520?

A

Volumes of canon law, papal constitutions and the works of his theological opponent Johann Eck

98
Q

How many articles were agreed between Luther and Zwingli at the Marburg Colloquy?

A

14/15

99
Q

What was the issue with Zwingli and Luther’s interpretations of the Real Presence?

A

Same piece of scripture - Lutherans interpreted it literally, Zwinglians symbolically

100
Q

Why did Philip of Hesse retract support from Zwingli?

A

Zwingli failed to adhere to the Augsburg Confession (25th June 1530)

101
Q

Why did Philip of Hesse ally with Zwingli in the first place?

A

Wanted to win support against Charles V

102
Q

When was the First Kappel War?

A

1529

103
Q

When was the Second Kappel War?

A

1531

104
Q

When was the Zurich Disputation?

A

29th January 1523

105
Q

Who did the Council rule in favour of at the January 1523 Zurich Disputation?

A

Zwingli

106
Q

When was the Sausage Eating Incident?

A

9th March 1522

107
Q

What was the title of Zwingli’s 23rd March publication after the 9th March 1522 Affair of the Sausages?

A

‘On the Choice and Freedom of Christian Foods’

108
Q

Who was the leading RCC figure within Zwingli’s challenge?

A

Bishop Hugo of Constance

109
Q

When did Zwingli become parish priest in Glarus?

A

1506

110
Q

When did Zwingli transfer to the parish of Einsiedeln?

A

April 1516

111
Q

Why did Zwingli transfer to the parish of Einsiedeln in April 1516?

A

Glarus criticised the use of Swiss spearman in conflict (as he was still pro-Pope at this point)

112
Q

When did Luther’s writings reach Berne?

A

1518

113
Q

When did Zwingli become parish priest at the Great Munster in Zurich?

A

December 1518

114
Q

When did Zwingli start with his sermons in Zurich?

A

1st January 1519

115
Q

What was different about Zwingli’s preaching from 1st January 1519?

A

Preached theology based purely on scripture, and took a chronological movement through scripture rather than the set calendar schedule

116
Q

What 5 things did Zwingli criticise from 1st January 1519?

A

Nothing doctrinal - criticised church practice, accused monks of impropriety, rejected traditional veneration of saints, rejected that unbaptised babies were not saved and questioned the church tithe.

117
Q

What portion of Zurich’s population was killed in the August 1519 - February 1520 plague?

A

1/4

118
Q

What event ‘radicalised’ Zwingli?

A

August 1519 - February 1520 plague - Zwingli attended to the sick, and resolved to purify the Church

119
Q

When was ‘On the Choice and Freedom of Foods’ enlarged and made into a pamphlet?

A

16th April 1522

120
Q

When were the fast breakers admonished, and by who?

A

24th May 1522 - Diocese of Constance

121
Q

What was Zwingli’s 2nd Jill 1522 publication?

A

‘A Friendly Petition’, written alongside other humanist preachers

122
Q

What did the 2nd July 1522 ‘A Friendly Petition’ ask for?

A

Petitioned the bishop to abolish clerical celibacy

123
Q

When did the Great Council formally endorse Zwingli preaching from scripture, rather than following Church calendar texts?

A

21st July 1522

124
Q

When did Zwingli publish his ‘67 Articles’?

A

July 1523

125
Q

What was Zwingli’s July 1523 publication?

A

‘67 Articles’

126
Q

What did Zwingli’s July 1523 ‘67 Articles’ say?

A

Affirmed Salvation by faith alone; full authority of scripture; rejected purgatory, penance, intercession of saints, celibate clergy, Mass, the Pope, good works to Salvation and monastic orders

127
Q

What publication of Zwingli’s was the first to be heretical?

A

July 1523 - ‘67 Articles’

128
Q

When was the second Zurich Disputation?

A

October 1523

129
Q

What was the October 1523 Second Zurich Disputation on?

A

Icons, the substance of the Eucharist and adult baptism

130
Q

What happened after the second Zurich Disputation in October 1523?

A

Churches were given the right to vote on images; statues and objects cleared were held in storage (not destroyed); icons were not formally rejected (Zwingli argued for compromise); and adult baptism was rejected.

131
Q

What year did the Zurich ‘unofficial reformation’ take place?

A

1524

132
Q

What was within the unofficial 1524 Zurich reformation?

A

Priests discarded vestments, ceased public processions, Saints’ Feast Days were ignored, conservative clerics left the city

133
Q

When did Zwingli publicly marry Anna Reinhart?

A

2nd April 1524

134
Q

When did Bishop of Constance cut Zurich off?

A

April 1524

135
Q

When did the Five Catholic Inner States formalise an alliance against Zwingli?

A

8th April 1524

136
Q

When did Luther publish ‘Sermon on the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ’?

A

1524

137
Q

What was Luther’s 1524 publication on the Eucharist?

A

‘Sermon on the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ’

138
Q

When was the public debate held on infant baptism?

A

17th January 1525

139
Q

Why did Luther reject transubstantiation?

A

Elevated priests

140
Q

What was Zwingli’s 1525 publication on the Eucharist?

A

‘Rearguard and Final Flourish with Regard to the Lord’s Supper’

141
Q

When did Zwingli publish ‘Rearguard and Final Flourish with Regard to the Lord’s Supper’?

A

1525

142
Q

When was the Mass abolished, and first evangelic communion service held in Zurich?

A

13th April 1525

143
Q

What did Zwingli introduce in 1525 to replace the Mass?

A

A Common Liturgy

144
Q

What did Zwingli and Judy establish on 19th June 1525 in the Great Munster?

A

A Latin School

145
Q

When did Zwingli and Judy establish a Latin School in the Great Munster?

A

19th June 1525

146
Q

When did anabaptism become punishable by death?

A

7th March 1526

147
Q

When was the first martyr of anabaptism in Zurich?

A

January 1527

148
Q

When was the Disputation of Baden?

A

19th May 1526

149
Q

What was the 19th May 1526 Disputation of Baden?

A

All states in the Swiss Confederation were invited. Formalised RC opposition to Zwingli, who was excommunicated (in his absence)

150
Q

Which Swiss Confederation states supported Zwingli at the Disputation of Baden?

A

Bern. Basel, Schaffhausen (and Zurich)

151
Q

What was Zwingli’s 1527 publication?

A

‘Amica Exegesis’

152
Q

What did Zwingli challenge in his 1527 ‘Amica Exegesis’?

A

Luther’s Eucharistic stance, who responded by calling him a fanatic

153
Q

When was the first meeting of the Civic Christian Union?

A

5th - 6th January 1528

154
Q

Which states were included in the Civic Christian Union (although others joined later)?

A

Zurich, Bern and Constance

155
Q

When did Bern formally adopt reformed theology?

A

7th February 1528

156
Q

When was the Bern Disputation?

A

June 1528

157
Q

When did Basel prohibit Mass as a part of its adoption of reformed theology?

A

1st April 1529

158
Q

When did the Christian Alliance (previously the Catholic Union of Five Inner States) formally receive the support of Ferdinand of Austria?

A

April 1529

159
Q

When did Zurich (acting alone) declare war?

A

8th June 1529

160
Q

Why could Ferdinand not spare troops to support the Christian Alliance in the First Kappel War 1529?

A

1529 Siege of Vienna

161
Q

When was the First Peace of Kappel?

A

24th June 1529

162
Q

What was the only agreement of the 24th June 1529 First Peace of Kappel?

A

The Christian Alliance would dissolve its alliance with Austria

163
Q

When did Schlaffhausen formally endorse reformed theology?

A

1st September 1529

164
Q

When did Zurich and Basel enter into a treaty with Philip of Hesse?

A

November 1530

165
Q

Who else did Zwingli reach out to for formal alliances, but was unsuccessful due to his aggressive stance against the Catholic Inner States?

A

France, Milan and Vienna

166
Q

When did Zwingli refuse to sign up to the Lutheran Confession of Faith, a prerequisite of entrance to the Schmalkaldic League and led to the failure of his alliance with Philip of Hesse?

A

February 1531

167
Q

When did Bern’s food blockade compromise come into effect?

A

May 1531

168
Q

Why was the May 1531 food blockade withdrawn by Bern?

A

Had little impact, was alienating

169
Q

When did the Five Inner Catholic States (suddenly) declare war against the allyless-Zurich?

A

9th October 1531

170
Q

When was Zwingli killed at the Second Battle of Kappel?

A

11th October 1531

171
Q

What came after Zwingli’s death?

A

States weren’t forced to return to the RCC, but the Protestant Alliance was dissolved with priority given to Catholicism in common areas

172
Q

Why were the states not forced to return to the RCC?

A

Not important enough to necessitate serious action

173
Q

What % of all that was printed on the German presses between 1500 and 1530 was Luther responsible for?

A

20%

174
Q

What was the initial print run of ‘Address to the Christian Nobility’ (1520), and how fast did that sell out?

A

4000 copies, sold out in 5 days

175
Q

Who said that the “most important reason why Luther did not meet Hus’s fate” was because of printing?

A

Lyndal Roper

176
Q

What did Lyndal Roper say?

A

The “most important reason why Luther did not meet Hus’s fate” was because of printing

177
Q

What was the title of the papal bull excommunicating Luther?

A

Decent Roman Pontificem

178
Q

What was the date of Decent Roman Pontificem, a papal bull excommunicating Luther?

A

3rd January 1521

179
Q

When did Luther write a new translation of the New Testament in German?

A

September 1521

180
Q

How many copies of the September 1521 new translation of the New Testament in German were sold?

A

60,000

181
Q

What was the point of the September 1521 new translation of the New Testament in German?

A

More accessible

182
Q

What was Melancthon’s personality like?

A

Devotee of Luther. Meek, mild, respectful.

183
Q

What was Karlstadt’s personality like?

A

Too enthusiastic, determined for immediate reform

184
Q

When and where did the Imperial Knights (led by Ulrich von Hutten, and Franz von Sickengen) agree to start a German rebellion?

A

September 1522 - Brotherly Convention of Knights

185
Q

What was Luther’s 1527 publication to control his movement?

A

The German Mass - one official standard version of Lutheranism

186
Q

What was the 1526 Treaty of Madrid?

A

Francis promised to never contest Charles’ lands again

187
Q

What was formed against Charles in May 1526?

A

League of Cognac

188
Q

When was the League of Cognac formed?

A

May 1526

189
Q

What did Pope Clement VII exchange for his freedom after the 1527 Sack of Rome?

A

400,000 ducati and ceded territory

190
Q

What was the Sack of Rome?

A

1527 - Charles’ unpaid troops attacked and looted Rome

191
Q

When did Zwingli denounce the indulgence seller, Bernard Samson?

A

August 1518

192
Q

Who was the indulgence seller Zwingli denounced in August 1518?

A

Bernard Samson

193
Q

When was the Zurich plague?

A

August 1519 - February 1520

194
Q

What portion of the population was killed in the August 1519 - February 1520 Zurich plague? And who specifically?

A

1/4 - included Zwingli’s brother

195
Q

When did Luther die?

A

1546

196
Q

When did Zwingli attack clerical celibacy?

A

Summer 1522

197
Q

When did Zwingli attack monasticism?

A

Summer 1523

198
Q

When were monasteries dissolved in Zurich?

A

1524

199
Q

When were new baptismal and marriage orders published in Zurich?

A

1525

200
Q

How many theologians attended the January 1528 Zurich religious disputation?

A

250

201
Q

What were the Swiss Catholic cantons?

A

Zug, Uri, Unterwalden, Lucerne and Schwyz

202
Q

How many soldiers did Frederick the Wise promise the Five Inner States in April 1529?

A

6000 foot soldiers and 400 cavalry

203
Q

How many troops had Zurich mobilised for war by 8th June 1529?

A

4000

204
Q

Why did the Five Inner States agree to the 26th June 1529 First Peace of Kappel?

A

Catholic forces were significantly outnumbered

205
Q

When did Berne reiterate their refusal to participate in military action?

A

April 1531

206
Q

What was the peace treaty of 1531 in the Swiss Cantons?

A

Each canton was allowed to dictate the religion of its inhabitants

207
Q

What was the war reparations asked for from Zurich and Berne towards the Fiver Inner States?

A

8200 gulden

208
Q

What did the consolidation of Zwinglianism after Zwingli’s death benefit from?

A

Emergence of the more moderate Heinrich Bullinger as Zwingli’s successor

European Reformation (4 decks)

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