The Protestant Challenge, 1521-31 Flashcards
1
Q
When was ‘Murdering, Thieving Hoards of Peasants’ published?
A
Late May 1525
2
Q
When was ‘Address to the Christian Nobility’ published?
A
1520
3
Q
What did Luther write in 1529 as a guidance for preachers?
A
‘Large Catechism’
4
Q
What did Luther publish in 1529 for children, and what was it composed of?
A
‘Shorter Catechism’ - composed of carefully constructed questions and answers
5
Q
Who said that Wittenberg “signalled the ability of Lutherans to submit to the clear authority of one leader, one church, one prince and one magistrate”?
A
Ulinka Rublack
6
Q
How many cities had printing centres within the HRE by 1500?
A
60
7
Q
How many broadsheets were printed between 1500 and 1526, of which Luther was the author of 20% of them?
A
7500
8
Q
How many of Luther’s works were printed in German between 1518 and 1529?
A
80%
9
Q
In what period were over 1000 editions of Luther’s works printed in Wittenberg, the key printing centre?
A
1516-1546
10
Q
What happened in Basle the pressurised the town council to adopt the Reformation?
A
Influence of over 12 trade guilds
11
Q
What percentage of the population lived in the countryside?
A
85%
12
Q
Which Elector forbade the circulation of Luther’s works?
A
Elector Joachim of Brandenburg
13
Q
Which Duke published a mandate against Luther’s teachings?
A
Duke Heinrich of Wolfenbuttel
14
Q
Which Duke outlawed evangelical publications?
A
Duke George of Saxony
15
Q
Who was eager to enforce the Edict of Worms within his territory?
A
Wilhelm IV of Bavaria
16
Q
Who was unwilling to confiscate church properties because of the potentially hostile reaction of his nobles?
A
Landgrave Philip of Hesse
17
Q
What did the princes declare at the Diet of Nuremberg (1522-23)?
A
They were willing to enforce the Edict of Worms but only to the extent that it did not provoke rebellion.
18
Q
What emerged in 1526 to resist the Edict of Worms?
A
Defensive League of Torgau
19
Q
How many princes and imperial cities signed the 1529 Protestation?
A
Six princes and fourteen imperial cities
20
Q
When was the Diet of Worms?
A
January - May 1521
21
Q
When was the Diet of Nuremberg?
A
November 1522 - February 1523
22
Q
When was the first Diet of Speyer?
A
June - August 1526
23
Q
When was the Second Diet of Speyer?
A
March - April 1529
24
Q
What was the date of the second Diet of Speyer’s recess that banned the introduction of Zwinglianism?
A
22nd April 1529
25
When was the Protestation published, after the second Diet of Speyer?
19th July 1529
26
When was the Marburg Colloquy?
1st - 4th October 1529
27
When was the Diet of Augsburg?
1530
28
On what day within the Diet of Augsburg was the enforcement of the edict of Worms required?
22nd September 1530
29
When was the Schmalkaldic League formed?
1531
30
How many princes and cities signed the 1530/1 Confession of Augsburg?
Seven princes and two cities
31
Who drafted the Tetrapolitan Confession?
Jakob Sturm; Wolfgang Capito; Martin Bucer
32
When and what was the purpose of the Tetrapolitan Confession?
July 1530 - conciliatory compromise confession to prevent Protestant schism between Zwinglians and Lutherans
33
Which cities signed the Tetrapolitan Confession?
Strasbourg; Constance; Memmingen and Lindau
34
Which two princes favoured Luther due to the economic benefits of secularising Church property and the receipt of Church taxes?
Albrecht of Hohenzollern and Margrave Casimir of Brandenburg
35
How many times did Charles V say he visited Germany in his abdication speech?
9 times
36
When were the two Sieges of Vienna?
1529 and 1532
37
When was the first Habsburg-Valois war?
1521-26
38
When was the Revolt of the Comuneros?
16th April 1520 - 25th October 1521
39
Which three Lutheran-esque events was Charles V present at?
1521 Diet of Worms
1530 Diet of Augsburg
1541 Regensburg Colloquy
40
What was the ambiguous conclusion of the First Diet of Speyer?
"each one" should "live, govern, and carry himself as he hopes and trusts to answer it to God and His Imperial Majesty."
41
What were the conciliatory elements of the Augsburg Confession?
Emphasised shared doctrine, like the Real Presence, but ignored controversial tenets, like Catholic purgatory or Lutheran Priesthood of All Believers.
42
What was Luther's late-May 1525 publication?
'Murdering, Thieving Hordes of Peasants'
43
Who siphoned funds from the indulgence campaign to pay for a bishopric? When?
Albrecht of Brandenburg acquired the archbishopric of Mainz in 1514 via simony
44
When was the Sack of Rome?
6th May 1627
45
When was Luther placed under the imperial ban?
May 1521
46
When was Luther 'kidnapped' and taken to Wartburg Castle for his own protection, by Frederick the Wise?
April 1521
47
What did Luther's 1520 'Address to the German Nobility' emphasise?
Princes' own divine right
48
What year was Luther's 'On Secular Authority' published?
1523
49
What did Luther's 1523 'On Secular Authority' stress?
The importance of obeying political rulers
50
What did Ulinka Ruback say about Wittenberg?
"signalled the ability of Lutherans to submit to the clear authority of one leader, one church, one prince and one magistrate"
51
Who were the two leaders of the Imperial Knights' Revolt?
Franz von Sickenden and Ulrich von Hutten
52
Who had to be involved in the Imperial Knights Revolt's military engagement?
Ferdinand I of Austria
53
After which event did the (future) leaders of the Imperial Knights' Revolt (Franz von Sickengen and Ulrich von Hutten) offer Luther protection?
1521 Diet of Worms
54
When and on whom did the Imperial Knights' Revolt leaders (Franz von Sickengen and Ulrich von Hutten) declare war? Why was this symbolic?
November 1522 - Elector Archbishop of Trier. Symbolic criticism of the Church's political control of Germany.
55
What portion of Germany did the Church control, and through what?
1/5 through prince bishops
56
How many elector positions did the Church control?
3/7
57
What and when was the final battle of the Imperial Knights' Revolt?
1523 Siege of Nanstein
58
How did the Imperial Knights' Revolt leaders die, and when?
Both in 1523 - Franz von Sickenden shortly after the Siege of Nanstein, and Ulrich von Hutten from syphilis.
59
What and when was Ulrich von Hutten's patient narrative of his experience with syphilis (thought to be one of the first)?
1519 - 'On the French disease'
60
Who was the Lutheran who commanded the largest group of peasants in the Peasants' War? How many did he lead, and at what battle?
Thomas Muntzer, 8000 peasants at the Battle of Frankenhausen
61
When was the closest thing to a Peasants' War manifesto published? What was its name?
15th March 1525 - 'The Twelve Articles of the Black Forest
62
Why was the 15th March 1525 'The twelve Articles of the Black Forest' Lutheran in nature?
Echoed theology of sola scripture, sola fide and the Priesthood of All Believers
63
How many copies of the 15th March 1525 'The Twelve Articles of the Black Forest' were sold?
25,000
64
How many parishes in Germany had a priest?
1/14
65
What did Luther say in his document advocating for the peasants, what was it called, and when was it published?
May 1525: 'Admonition for Peace'. He blamed nobles for not being attentive to the needs of their peasants.
66
Why were the peasants involved in the Peasants' Revolt likely not incentivised by Lutheranism?
Elitist movement, excluded the illiterate through emphasis on scripture
67
What % of the national population were literate?
5%
68
What was the literacy rates for German cities?
10-30%
69
What and when was the uprising that may have inspired the Peasants' War?
Bunscuh Risings of 1493-1517
70
Who defeated the peasant armies of the Peasants' War?
Swabian League - coalition of princes
71
How many people were involved in the Peasants' War?
300,000
72
How many people were killed by the Swabian League, from battlefield casualties and subsequent reprisals
100,000
73
How did the Swabian League crushing the Peasants' War benefit Luther's movement?
Showed the nobles they could be independent from the Emperor and therefore encouraged their assertiveness
74
What did Luther say in his 1525 publications against the Peasants' War (late May - 'On the Murdering, Thieving Hordes of Peasants'; June/July - 'An Open Letter on the Harsh Book Against the Peasants')?
Echoed previous theology emphasising the status of princes as God's stewards on Earth
75
What was Luther's June/July 1525 publication?
'An Open Letter on the Harsh Book Against the Peasants'
76
Who were the first three openly Lutheran princes, 1525/6?
Albrecht of Prussia; John the Constant; and Philip of Hesse.
77
When did the Swiss lands secure independence from the HRE?
1499
78
What did Zwingli misread?
Levels of rural Protestant support, and the reaction to his aggressive foreign policy
79
How did Zwingli alienate the Civic Christian Union?
With his economic blockade 'compromise'
80
In a private letter to a friend (Bulinger), what did Zwingli warn about the economic blockade? What year was this?
1531 - worried a blockade would "displease" the "common folk" and "many friends would become enemies".
81
What did Zwingli accuse Luther of, and in what work?
Accused Luther of "obstinate stubbornness" in 'Amica Exegesis'
82
What was the date of Zwingli's letter to Philip of Hesse, filled with flattery?
15th May 1525
83
Who wrote the work martyrising Zwingli after his death?
1536 - Oswald Myconius' 'Ulrich Zwingli; Life and Death'
84
What legend did Oswald Myconius' 'Ulrich Zwingli; Life and Death' (1536) create?
Zwingli's heart continued beating because of its purity
85
What was Erasmus' September 1524 publication?
'On the Freedom of the Will'
86
When was Erasmus' 'On the Freedom of the Will' published?
September 1524
87
What did Erasmus' 'On the Freedom of the Will' oppose?
Lutheran doctrine of 'sola fide'
88
What was Luther's response to Erasmus' September 1524 'On the Freedom of the Will'?
'On the Bondage of the Will' - attacked Erasmus' views on justification and reaffirmed his 1520 teachings
89
When was Luther's 'On the Bondage of the Will' published?
December 1525
90
What was Luther's December 1525 publication?
'On the Bondage of the Will'
91
What did Luther's 'On the Bondage of the Will' respond to?
Erasmus' 'On the Freedom of the Will'
92
When was the Battle of Pavia?
24th February 1525
93
Who won at the Battle of Pavia, 24th February 1524?
Charles V, against. Francis I
94
What was the League of Cognac? When was it formed?
Alliance between France, the Pope (among others) against Charles V
95
When was the Schmalkaldic League formed?
1531
96
When did Luther burn the papal bull 'Exsurge Domine'?
10th December 1520
97
What did Luther burn alongside 'Exsurge Domine' on the 10th December 1520?
Volumes of canon law, papal constitutions and the works of his theological opponent Johann Eck
98
How many articles were agreed between Luther and Zwingli at the Marburg Colloquy?
14/15
99
What was the issue with Zwingli and Luther's interpretations of the Real Presence?
Same piece of scripture - Lutherans interpreted it literally, Zwinglians symbolically
100
Why did Philip of Hesse retract support from Zwingli?
Zwingli failed to adhere to the Augsburg Confession (25th June 1530)
101
Why did Philip of Hesse ally with Zwingli in the first place?
Wanted to win support against Charles V
102
When was the First Kappel War?
1529
103
When was the Second Kappel War?
1531
104
When was the Zurich Disputation?
29th January 1523
105
Who did the Council rule in favour of at the January 1523 Zurich Disputation?
Zwingli
106
When was the Sausage Eating Incident?
9th March 1522
107
What was the title of Zwingli's 23rd March publication after the 9th March 1522 Affair of the Sausages?
'On the Choice and Freedom of Christian Foods'
108
Who was the leading RCC figure within Zwingli's challenge?
Bishop Hugo of Constance
109
When did Zwingli become parish priest in Glarus?
1506
110
When did Zwingli transfer to the parish of Einsiedeln?
April 1516
111
Why did Zwingli transfer to the parish of Einsiedeln in April 1516?
Glarus criticised the use of Swiss spearman in conflict (as he was still pro-Pope at this point)
112
When did Luther's writings reach Berne?
1518
113
When did Zwingli become parish priest at the Great Munster in Zurich?
December 1518
114
When did Zwingli start with his sermons in Zurich?
1st January 1519
115
What was different about Zwingli's preaching from 1st January 1519?
Preached theology based purely on scripture, and took a chronological movement through scripture rather than the set calendar schedule
116
What 5 things did Zwingli criticise from 1st January 1519?
Nothing doctrinal - criticised church practice, accused monks of impropriety, rejected traditional veneration of saints, rejected that unbaptised babies were not saved and questioned the church tithe.
117
What portion of Zurich's population was killed in the August 1519 - February 1520 plague?
1/4
118
What event 'radicalised' Zwingli?
August 1519 - February 1520 plague - Zwingli attended to the sick, and resolved to purify the Church
119
When was 'On the Choice and Freedom of Foods' enlarged and made into a pamphlet?
16th April 1522
120
When were the fast breakers admonished, and by who?
24th May 1522 - Diocese of Constance
121
What was Zwingli's 2nd Jill 1522 publication?
'A Friendly Petition', written alongside other humanist preachers
122
What did the 2nd July 1522 'A Friendly Petition' ask for?
Petitioned the bishop to abolish clerical celibacy
123
When did the Great Council formally endorse Zwingli preaching from scripture, rather than following Church calendar texts?
21st July 1522
124
When did Zwingli publish his '67 Articles'?
July 1523
125
What was Zwingli's July 1523 publication?
'67 Articles'
126
What did Zwingli's July 1523 '67 Articles' say?
Affirmed Salvation by faith alone; full authority of scripture; rejected purgatory, penance, intercession of saints, celibate clergy, Mass, the Pope, good works to Salvation and monastic orders
127
What publication of Zwingli's was the first to be heretical?
July 1523 - '67 Articles'
128
When was the second Zurich Disputation?
October 1523
129
What was the October 1523 Second Zurich Disputation on?
Icons, the substance of the Eucharist and adult baptism
130
What happened after the second Zurich Disputation in October 1523?
Churches were given the right to vote on images; statues and objects cleared were held in storage (not destroyed); icons were not formally rejected (Zwingli argued for compromise); and adult baptism was rejected.
131
What year did the Zurich 'unofficial reformation' take place?
1524
132
What was within the unofficial 1524 Zurich reformation?
Priests discarded vestments, ceased public processions, Saints' Feast Days were ignored, conservative clerics left the city
133
When did Zwingli publicly marry Anna Reinhart?
2nd April 1524
134
When did Bishop of Constance cut Zurich off?
April 1524
135
When did the Five Catholic Inner States formalise an alliance against Zwingli?
8th April 1524
136
When did Luther publish 'Sermon on the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ'?
1524
137
What was Luther's 1524 publication on the Eucharist?
'Sermon on the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ'
138
When was the public debate held on infant baptism?
17th January 1525
139
Why did Luther reject transubstantiation?
Elevated priests
140
What was Zwingli's 1525 publication on the Eucharist?
'Rearguard and Final Flourish with Regard to the Lord's Supper'
141
When did Zwingli publish 'Rearguard and Final Flourish with Regard to the Lord's Supper'?
1525
142
When was the Mass abolished, and first evangelic communion service held in Zurich?
13th April 1525
143
What did Zwingli introduce in 1525 to replace the Mass?
A Common Liturgy
144
What did Zwingli and Judy establish on 19th June 1525 in the Great Munster?
A Latin School
145
When did Zwingli and Judy establish a Latin School in the Great Munster?
19th June 1525
146
When did anabaptism become punishable by death?
7th March 1526
147
When was the first martyr of anabaptism in Zurich?
January 1527
148
When was the Disputation of Baden?
19th May 1526
149
What was the 19th May 1526 Disputation of Baden?
All states in the Swiss Confederation were invited. Formalised RC opposition to Zwingli, who was excommunicated (in his absence)
150
Which Swiss Confederation states supported Zwingli at the Disputation of Baden?
Bern. Basel, Schaffhausen (and Zurich)
151
What was Zwingli's 1527 publication?
'Amica Exegesis'
152
What did Zwingli challenge in his 1527 'Amica Exegesis'?
Luther's Eucharistic stance, who responded by calling him a fanatic
153
When was the first meeting of the Civic Christian Union?
5th - 6th January 1528
154
Which states were included in the Civic Christian Union (although others joined later)?
Zurich, Bern and Constance
155
When did Bern formally adopt reformed theology?
7th February 1528
156
When was the Bern Disputation?
June 1528
157
When did Basel prohibit Mass as a part of its adoption of reformed theology?
1st April 1529
158
When did the Christian Alliance (previously the Catholic Union of Five Inner States) formally receive the support of Ferdinand of Austria?
April 1529
159
When did Zurich (acting alone) declare war?
8th June 1529
160
Why could Ferdinand not spare troops to support the Christian Alliance in the First Kappel War 1529?
1529 Siege of Vienna
161
When was the First Peace of Kappel?
24th June 1529
162
What was the only agreement of the 24th June 1529 First Peace of Kappel?
The Christian Alliance would dissolve its alliance with Austria
163
When did Schlaffhausen formally endorse reformed theology?
1st September 1529
164
When did Zurich and Basel enter into a treaty with Philip of Hesse?
November 1530
165
Who else did Zwingli reach out to for formal alliances, but was unsuccessful due to his aggressive stance against the Catholic Inner States?
France, Milan and Vienna
166
When did Zwingli refuse to sign up to the Lutheran Confession of Faith, a prerequisite of entrance to the Schmalkaldic League and led to the failure of his alliance with Philip of Hesse?
February 1531
167
When did Bern's food blockade compromise come into effect?
May 1531
168
Why was the May 1531 food blockade withdrawn by Bern?
Had little impact, was alienating
169
When did the Five Inner Catholic States (suddenly) declare war against the allyless-Zurich?
9th October 1531
170
When was Zwingli killed at the Second Battle of Kappel?
11th October 1531
171
What came after Zwingli's death?
States weren't forced to return to the RCC, but the Protestant Alliance was dissolved with priority given to Catholicism in common areas
172
Why were the states not forced to return to the RCC?
Not important enough to necessitate serious action
173
What % of all that was printed on the German presses between 1500 and 1530 was Luther responsible for?
20%
174
What was the initial print run of 'Address to the Christian Nobility' (1520), and how fast did that sell out?
4000 copies, sold out in 5 days
175
Who said that the "most important reason why Luther did not meet Hus's fate" was because of printing?
Lyndal Roper
176
What did Lyndal Roper say?
The "most important reason why Luther did not meet Hus's fate" was because of printing
177
What was the title of the papal bull excommunicating Luther?
Decent Roman Pontificem
178
What was the date of Decent Roman Pontificem, a papal bull excommunicating Luther?
3rd January 1521
179
When did Luther write a new translation of the New Testament in German?
September 1521
180
How many copies of the September 1521 new translation of the New Testament in German were sold?
60,000
181
What was the point of the September 1521 new translation of the New Testament in German?
More accessible
182
What was Melancthon's personality like?
Devotee of Luther. Meek, mild, respectful.
183
What was Karlstadt's personality like?
Too enthusiastic, determined for immediate reform
184
When and where did the Imperial Knights (led by Ulrich von Hutten, and Franz von Sickengen) agree to start a German rebellion?
September 1522 - Brotherly Convention of Knights
185
What was Luther's 1527 publication to control his movement?
The German Mass - one official standard version of Lutheranism
186
What was the 1526 Treaty of Madrid?
Francis promised to never contest Charles' lands again
187
What was formed against Charles in May 1526?
League of Cognac
188
When was the League of Cognac formed?
May 1526
189
What did Pope Clement VII exchange for his freedom after the 1527 Sack of Rome?
400,000 ducati and ceded territory
190
What was the Sack of Rome?
1527 - Charles' unpaid troops attacked and looted Rome
191
When did Zwingli denounce the indulgence seller, Bernard Samson?
August 1518
192
Who was the indulgence seller Zwingli denounced in August 1518?
Bernard Samson
193
When was the Zurich plague?
August 1519 - February 1520
194
What portion of the population was killed in the August 1519 - February 1520 Zurich plague? And who specifically?
1/4 - included Zwingli's brother
195
When did Luther die?
1546
196
When did Zwingli attack clerical celibacy?
Summer 1522
197
When did Zwingli attack monasticism?
Summer 1523
198
When were monasteries dissolved in Zurich?
1524
199
When were new baptismal and marriage orders published in Zurich?
1525
200
How many theologians attended the January 1528 Zurich religious disputation?
250
201
What were the Swiss Catholic cantons?
Zug, Uri, Unterwalden, Lucerne and Schwyz
202
How many soldiers did Frederick the Wise promise the Five Inner States in April 1529?
6000 foot soldiers and 400 cavalry
203
How many troops had Zurich mobilised for war by 8th June 1529?
4000
204
Why did the Five Inner States agree to the 26th June 1529 First Peace of Kappel?
Catholic forces were significantly outnumbered
205
When did Berne reiterate their refusal to participate in military action?
April 1531
206
What was the peace treaty of 1531 in the Swiss Cantons?
Each canton was allowed to dictate the religion of its inhabitants
207
What was the war reparations asked for from Zurich and Berne towards the Fiver Inner States?
8200 gulden
208
What did the consolidation of Zwinglianism after Zwingli's death benefit from?
Emergence of the more moderate Heinrich Bullinger as Zwingli's successor
