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European Reformation > The Catholic Reformation, 1531-64 > Flashcards

The Catholic Reformation, 1531-64 Flashcards

1
Q

How did the Jesuits infiltrate international circles?

A

Popularity of the ‘Spiritual Exercises’ in international courts

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2
Q

What did Peter Canisius convince Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand to do?

A

Threatened his Protestant-curious son with disinheritance, and also provided advice on the Peace of Augsburg

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3
Q

How many Jesuits were there in 1553?

A

1000

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4
Q

How many Jesuits were there in 1565?

A

3500

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5
Q

How many Jesuit colleges were there in 1556?

A

35+ in 12 provinces

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6
Q

What was published in 1547 giving the Jesuits a license to educate?

A

Papal bull ‘Licet Debitum’ under Paul III

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7
Q

What was the name of the Jesuit collegios, and who were they funded by?

A

Collegios Romano and Germanico, funded by Julius III

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8
Q

What were the issue with the Jesuit education reforms?

A

More long-term so hadn’t had a salient effect by 1565

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9
Q

What were the positions of Paul IV’s nephews?

A

Carlo was a cardinal and political advisor

Giovanni was the Duke of Paliano and commander of papal forces

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10
Q

Who was Cardinal Pole?

A

Had helped with the RCC restoration under Mary I but was summoned to the Roman Inquisition during Paul IV’s pontificate, which he ignored

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11
Q

Who was the Archbishop of Caranza?

A

Cardinal Primate of Spain, had helped with RCC restoration under Mary I, and was a papa theologian at Trent but was arrested by the Spanish Inquisition due to his links to members of the Spirituali, and calls for Trent to prioritise laic care.

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12
Q

Who was Cardinal Morone?

A

Papal legate at Trent, imprisoned 1557 pending investigation. Majority of cardinals protested, Paul IV was forced to offer him his freedom but Morone refused to leave Castle de St Angelo unless his innocence was also confirmed.

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13
Q

Why did Paul IV denounce the 1555 Peace of Augsburg?

A

Condemned liberally minded French Catholic nobles for tolerating Huguenots

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14
Q

Why was Paul IV’s foreign policy criticised?

A

He attempted to convince Henri II of France to invade Naples, but Philip II of Spain invaded the Papal States with 12,000 men under the Duke of Alba forcing Paul IV to declare neutrality in 1557. Spanish seen as a defender of the Catholic faith.

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15
Q

How did Paul IV alienate potentially sympathetic English people and nobles?

A

May had been unconvinced by Edward VI’s Protestantism, but Paul IV insisted on reimbursing property confiscated during the dissolution of the monasteries, and pursued Cardinal Pole, a popular churchman.

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16
Q

Whose authority did Paul IV place the Jesuits under?

A

Bishops, had previously only been under the authority of the Pope and their Vicar General

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17
Q

How did MacCulloch describe the Jesuits?

A

“foot soldiers of the Pope

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18
Q

What was Pius IV’s less extreme ‘Index’ called, and when was it published?

A

1564 ‘Index of Forbidden Books’

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19
Q

What shows Charles Borromeo’s commitment to Tridentine reform?

A

In his 19 years as Bishop of Milan, he had 11 diocese synods, 6 provincial synods and more seminaries in Milan that the rest of Italy together

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20
Q

What was the issue with Canisius’ catechism’s popularity?

A

Only outsold Luther in the post-Trent edition

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21
Q

What was Diego Lainez’s importance at Trent?

A

He was present at all three sessions of Trent, and the only person with unlimited speaking time

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22
Q

What and when was the papal bull ‘Benedictus Deus’?

A

1564: ratified all decrees and definitions of the Council of Trent

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23
Q

When did Paul III first call for a General Church Council?

A

1536

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24
Q

How did Paul IV tackle clerical standards?

A

Ordered absentee bishops to be resident in their diocese, and forcibly closed defective abbeys and priories

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25
What was the limitation with Paul IV's tackling of clerical standards?
Couldn't enforce beyond areas under his direct control - Rome and the Papal States
26
When was Paul IV's 'Index of Banned Books'?
1557
27
When did Paul IV reissue an expanded version of the 'Index'?
1559
28
When did Paul III offer Erasmus a cardinal's hat?
1534
29
What was the impact of Paul IV's work against the Jesuits?
Restricted their infiltration in international courts, and their setting up of schools
30
What was the full title of the 1537 report into Church abuses?
'Consilium de Emendanda Ecclesia'
31
When was the 'Consilium de Emendanda Ecclesia' published?
1537
32
When did Paul III make the (future) Paul IV a cardinal?
December 1536
33
What did Peter Canisius describe the 'Index' as?
"intolerable" and a "scandal"
34
What did Paul IV do against corruption?
Ordered nearly 400 corrupt friars to serve in the galleys and dismissed his own nephews from their offices, later exiling them from Rome.
35
What did Paul IV do that was questioned for being unChristian? Why?
Imprisoned and expelled prostitutes and beggars in Rome. Criticised for going against Christ's sermon on the mount, where chief commandments of "feeding the destitute" and "clothing the naked" was said.
36
When did Paul IV cofound the Theatines?
1524
37
What were the Theatines?
A society of priests with an international reputation as the first order to found papal missions abroad
38
What shows Paul IV's commitment to the success of the Roman Inquisition, which he suggested setting up during Paul III's pontificate due to the success of the Spanish Inquisition?
Set up interrogation chambers in his own house
39
Why did Paul IV finally accept the corruption within his own family in the final months of his life?
A deputation of cardinals presented him with undeniable proof
40
When did Paul III first call for a GCC?
1536
41
What did the first session of the Council of Trent focus on?
Doctrine only
42
Why was attendance for the third session of Trent so high?
Pius IV encouraged Spanish and French bishops' attendance, significant as it was the bishops' responsibility to impose clerical standards
43
Which session of Trent tackled laic care?
3rd
44
How did Pius IV ensure the implementation of the edicts of Trent after the third session?
Appointed Cardinal Morone as the leader of a congregation of 8 cardinals to oversee the implementation
45
What are examples of Paul III's nepotism?
Gave the cardinal hat to two of his (then teenage) grandchildren, and acquired the Duchy of Parma for his son
46
What shows Pius IV's cunning in his commitment to tackling corruption?
Despite promising to take no action against them in order to secure their votes, he ordered the trial of Paul IV's nephews: executed Cardinal Carlo Carafe and Duke Giovanni; imprisoned Cardinal Alfonso Carafe.
47
What was unique about Pius IV's children?
His three children were kept hidden and out of Church positions
48
What were the dates for the first session of Trent?
1545-49
49
What were the dates for the second session of Trent?
1551-52
50
What were the dates for the third session of Trent?
1562-63
51
Why did Paul III give up on his attempts to (non-doctrinally) compromise with Protestants?
Failure of the Regensburg Colloquy 1541
52
When was the Regensburg Colloquy?
5 Apr 1541 – 22 May 1541
53
How did Pius IV show a movement on from Paul IV's pontificate?
Granted a general pardon for the riots after Paul IV's death
54
What was unprecedented within the third session of Trent (1562-63)?
An oath of allegiance
55
Whose edict of excommunication did Pius IV withdraw?
Jeanna D'Albert, Queen of Navarre
56
What did Pius IV do in 1565?
Granted chalice to Austria and Bohemia?
57
Why did Francis I and Charles V welcome Paul III's election?
He was a shrewd political operator with decades of experience
58
What is an example of Paul III's nepotism?
His first cardinal appointments are his teenage grandsons
59
Who authored the Compendium?
Contarini, Charles V's ambassador
60
What was Contarini's Compendium?
A work outlining a strong commitment to Church reform
61
When was the Consilium presented to Paul III?
March 1537
62
Why was the Commission producing the Consilium radical?
Urged Paul III to reform the Curia itself
63
When did Paul III found the Roman Inquisition?
1542
64
What was an important watershed in Paul III's pontificate?
Failure of doctrinal discussions at the Diet of Regensburg in 1541
65
When did Contarini die?
1542
66
What shows Carafe's (Paul IV) commitment to reform from an early stage?
Joined the Oratory of Divine Love in Rome and later co-founded the Theatines
67
What was Carafe (Paul IV) appointed in July 1542?
As one of the six Inquisitors General
68
What are the dates for Paul IV's pontificate?
1555-59
69
When were the Theatres founded?
1524
70
What were the Theatres the first order to do?
Found papal missions abroad, thereby acquiring an international rpeutation
71
What shows the growth of the Capuchins?
700 in 1535 -> 600 in 1587
72
What were the commitments of the Capuchins?
Commitment to total poverty, ministering to the underprivileged
73
What was the controversy surrounding the Capuchins?
Observant Franciscans labelled them as fanatics, were associated with Spiritual and the Vicar-General Bernardino Orchid converted to Protestantism
74
When were the Ursulines officially recognised by the Pope?
1544
75
When were the Jesuits 'founded'?
1534
76
When did the Jesuits gain official approval as the Society of Jesus from Paul III?
1540
77
Which Pope confirmed Loyola's 'Constitutions'?
Pope Julius III
78
When did Ignatius Loyola die?
1556
79
When did Loyola have a striking conversion experience after sustaining a cannon ball injury?
1521
80
How many Jesuit colleges were there by Loyola's 1556 death?
Approx. 33
81
When was the first Jesuit college established In Messina (Sicily)?
1548
82
What was the significance of King John III of Portugal for the Jesuits?
Had a Jesuit confessor, Rodrigues, and his benefaction led to the founding of a College in Coimbra in 1542
83
Who was the most famous Jesuit missionary?
Francis Xavier
84
Why were the Jesuits successful in Germany?
Effectively courted the nobility, especially the Wittelsbach dukes of Bavaria
85
What did Charles V want out of a GCC?
To deal exclusively with abuses so he could find doctrinal consensus with Lutherans
86
What did Paul III want out of a GCC?
To address doctrinal and disciplinary matters
87
When was the GCC formally summoned by Paul III?
22nd May 1542
88
Why did the GCC not meet in the planned November 1542?
Ottoman alliance with France - Francis I declared war on Charles V
89
Why was the GCC able to finally meet amid Habsburg-Valois rivalries?
Peace of Crepy 1544
90
Why was the location of a GCC controversial?
Charles V wanted it to be based in the German lands, which were the most exposed to Lutheranism. He threatened to convene an independent German council.
91
Who dominated the first sitting of Trent?
Conservative theologians such as the Dominicans and Jesuits
92
How often were bishops supposed to conduct visitations, according to Trent?
Every two years

European Reformation (4 decks)

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