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European Reformation > International Calvinism > Flashcards

International Calvinism Flashcards

1
Q

When was the first Calvinist church in Paris?

A

1555

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2
Q

Who brought about the first Calvinist church in Paris?

A

Two noble pastors Francois de Morel and Antoine de la Roche-Chandieu

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3
Q

When did Jeanne D’Albert, Queen of Navarre, convert to Calvinism? (France)

A

1560

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4
Q

What role did Louis de Bourbon, Prince de Conde, assume? (France)

A

Protector General of the Huguenot Church

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5
Q

What % of Calvinists in France were nobles?

A

50%

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6
Q

How many Calvinist pastors had even sent from Geneva to France by 1567?

A

170

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7
Q

How many copies of the Huguenot French psalms were printed on Genevan presses to be sent to France?

A

27,000

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8
Q

How did the Polish monarchy promote Calvinism?

A

Tolerant attitudes in a country with existing religious pluralism, e.g didn’t enforce heresy laws

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9
Q

Why did fewer Polish nobles convert to Calvinism?

A

Monarchy was popular

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10
Q

When did King Sigismund the Old accept Albrecht of Prussia as his vassel, creating the first European ruler to establish Protestantism? (Poland)

A

1525

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11
Q

Why may King Sigismund II been sympathetic to Calvinism? (Poland)

A

His wife and mistress was Calvinist

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12
Q

When was the Polish Confession (tolerant profession of faith)?

A

1555

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13
Q

When were the gentry allowed to promote any chosen scriptural worship in their localities? (Poland)

A

1555

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14
Q

What emphasised to Scottish nobles Mary Stuart’s ‘foreigness’?

A

Spoke Scottish in a French accent

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15
Q

When was Mary Stuart deposed?

A

1567

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16
Q

What is an example of how Francis I’s foreign policy informed his religious policy?

A

Allied with Lutheran Schmalkaldic League against Habsburgs

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17
Q

What was Francis I’s religious policy pre-1530s?

A

Relatively moderate

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18
Q

When was the Affair of the Placards? (France)

A

1534

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19
Q

What was the 1534 Affair of the Placards? (France)

A

Placards denouncing the Catholic Mass were put up in multiple cities across the country, including the door of Francis’ bedchamber.

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20
Q

What caused Calvin to leave for Geneva? (France)

A

1534 Affair of the Placards

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21
Q

What was indicated by a placard within the 1534 Affair of the Placards being placed on the door of Francis’ bedchamber? (France)

A

Nobles, or people close to Francis, were involved - threatening

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22
Q

When was the Chambre Ardente set up, and by which French monarch?

A

1547 - Henri II

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23
Q

When was the Edict of Compiegne? (France)

A

1557

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24
Q

What was the 1557 French legislation against reformist movements?

A

Edict of Compiegne

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25
Q

What was the 1557 Edict of Compiegne? (France)

A

Death penalty applied for crimes such as convictions of sacramentarianism; anyone who went to Geneva to publish or preach; and participation in banned religious gatherings.

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26
Q

When was the Rue St Jacques affair? (France)

A

4th September 1557

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27
Q

What was the 4th September 1557 Rue St Jacques affair? (France)

A

130 people arrested at a Calvinist prayer meeting, including 30 nobles. A widow was subsequently arrested.

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28
Q

When was the first national synod of Huguenots? (France)

A

1559

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29
Q

How many French Calvinist churches were represented at the 1559 first national synod of Huguenots?

A

72

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30
Q

What was presented at the 1559 first national synod of Huguenots? (France)

A

35-article Gallican Confession of Faith, drafted by Calvin

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31
Q

What was the reception to the 35-article Gallican Confession of Faith? (France)

A

Largely accept, with minor alterations

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32
Q

How many organised Calvinist churches were there by 1562? (France)

A

2000

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33
Q

Where did Jean la Masson preach throughout 1555-70? (France)

A

Preached in communities from the Pyrenees to Carcassone to Montauban

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34
Q

When did Luther die, causing growing divisions within Lutheranism?

A

1546

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35
Q

What did the 1551 Edict of Chateaubriand identify about Geneva?

A

Key centre for printing Calvinist books

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36
Q

When was the Edict of Chateaubriand? (France)

A

1551

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37
Q

What was the French 1551 legislation?

A

Edict of Chateaubriand

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38
Q

What did Menna Prestwich say about Paris?

A

“it was Paris, not Geneva, which ignited the explosion.”

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39
Q

Who said “it was Paris, not Geneva, which ignited the explosion”?

A

Menna Prestwich

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40
Q

What happened in 1558? (France)

A

Thousands attended a public sermon in Pre-aux-Clercs, showing willingness of Calvinists to defy the Catholic authorities

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41
Q

What event did Pastor Francois de Morel preside over? (France)

A

1559 - first Calvinist national synod

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42
Q

What did the 1559 first Calvinist national synod establish? (France)

A

The key structures of the Calvinist church - regional colloquies, to provincial and national synods

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43
Q

When was the Edict of Ecouen? (France)

A

1559

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44
Q

When was Anne du Bourg, a member of the Paris Parliament, executed?

A

1559

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45
Q

What was the name of the member of the Paris Parliament executed 1559?

A

Anne du Bourg

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46
Q

What was a recent estimate of Calvinist churches in 1562? (France)

A

1750

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47
Q

Where did Calvinist preacher Pierre Viret travel? (France)

A

The Midi (south), especially Nimes, Montpellier and Lyon

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48
Q

What % of the population did Huguenot numbers increase to? (France)

A

10%

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49
Q

Where were there riots in France in 1560?

A

Rouen and La Rochelle

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50
Q

Which three southern towns in France did Calvinism take hold of by 1561?

A

Castres, Nimes and Montauban

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51
Q

When was the Conspiracy of Amboise? (France)

A

1560

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52
Q

What was the 1560 Conspiracy of Amboise? (France)

A

Plan to seize the young King Francis II - supported by Louis, Prince de Conde and Theodore Beza. Calvin distanced himself from it.

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53
Q

What did Pierre Viret do from 1559? (France)

A

Travelled throughout southern France preaching the Calvinist message and publishing treatises on resistance and idolatry

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54
Q

When was the massacre of Protestants at Vassy? (France)

A

1562

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55
Q

What caused the outbreak of the religious wars? (France)

A

Massacre of Protestants at Vassy in 1562

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56
Q

What were the failed attempts at reconciliation? (France)

A

Colloquy of Poissy, and the Edict of January

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57
Q

When was the Colloquy of Poissy?

A

September 1561

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58
Q

What was the September 1561 Colloquy of Poissy?

A

Catherine de Medici (regent) summoned an assembly of Catholic and Protestant theologians, but agreement could not be reached on the Eucharist with Calvinist Beza denying the Real Presence

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59
Q

When was the Edict of January?

A

January 1562

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60
Q

What was the 1562 Edict of January?

A

Catherine de Medici officially recognised the right of Protestants to gather together and hold services in the outskirts of the towns and in the countryside. However, was rejected by Catholic faction and therefore failed.

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61
Q

When were compromises reached at the end of three inconclusive French wars of religion?

A

1563, 1568, 1570

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62
Q

When was the Synod of La Rochelle? (France)

A

1571

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63
Q

What was the 1571 Synod of La Rochelle? (France)

A

Gallican Confession ratified and signed by all the delegates

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64
Q

What was the 1572 symbolic marriage? (France)

A

Between Protestant Henri of Navarre and the King’s Catholic sister Marguerite de Valois

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65
Q

How did John Knox describe Geneva? (Scotland)

A

As the “most perfect school of Christ.”

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66
Q

When did Elizabeth I receive the throne? (England/Scotland)

A

November 1558

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67
Q

When did Knox deliver a sermon advocating an anti-French, anti-papal and pro-English alliance? (Scotland)

A

May 1559

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68
Q

What did Knox preach in his May 1559 sermon?

A

Advocated for an anti-French, anti-papal and pro-English alliance

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69
Q

When did a Protestant ‘Congregation’ seize various towns in central Scotland and enter the capital, Edinburgh (where Knox was installed as the first Protestant preacher)?

A

July 1559

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70
Q

When was Cardinal Beaton assassinated in a seizure of St. Andrew’s? (Scotland)

A

29th May 1546

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71
Q

What were the dates for the Scotland/England war?

A

20th December 1543 - March 1551

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72
Q

When did Mary of Guise take over the regency from James Hamilton?

A

1554

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73
Q

What period was James Hamilton regent for?

A

1542 - 54

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74
Q

Why did Mary of Guise create fear of French predominance in Scottish affairs?

A

Had (secretly) promised Scottish succession to France. Had put many Frenchmen in top positions. Seen as foreign.

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75
Q

When was Mary of Guise deposed? (Scotland)

A

October 1559

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76
Q

When did Mary of Guise die? (Scotland)

A

June 1560

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77
Q

When did Mary Stuart return from France? (Scotland)

A

1561

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78
Q

When did Marty Stuart flee to England? (Scotland)

A

1568

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79
Q

What was Sigismund II declared in 1555? (Poland)

A

A “common father” in matters of religion

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80
Q

When was Sigismund II declared a “common father” in matters of religion? (Poland)

A

1555

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81
Q

What pragmatic concessions did Sigismund II make from 1555? (Poland)

A

Every Polish lord was allowed to introduce any scriptural mode of worship with the king’s consent, offered communion in both kinds, vernacular services and an end to compulsory clergy celibacy (non-doctrinal)

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82
Q

Who did Sigismund II invite back from W. Europe in 1556? (Poland)

A

John a Las

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83
Q

What legislation came. about in 1550? (Poland)

A

Royal Edict against heresy, was unenforced

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84
Q

What did Sigismund II use Calvinism for? (Poland)

A

A counter-weight for the Catholic bishops of Vilnius (centre of C-Ref)

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85
Q

When did the Lords of the Congregation assemble? (Scotland)

A

1554

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86
Q

Who was in the Lords of the Congregation, assembled in 1554? (Scotland)

A 
Lord Lorne
Earl of Morray
Earl of Mar
Lord Erskin
Earl of Argyll
87
Q

When was Knox called to trial, accompanied by high-ranking nobles? (Scotland)

A

1556

88
Q

What happened by 1561? (Scotland)

A

Nobility of Scotland comprised a definite Protestant majority

89
Q

When was Knox’s ‘The First Book of Discipline’? (Scotland)

A

1561

90
Q

Who was the most significant source of aristocratic support? (Scotland)

A

Lord James Stewart, the Earl of Moray

91
Q

When was George Buchanan appointed as principal of St Leonard’s at the University of St. Andrew’s?

A

1566

92
Q

Who appointed George Buchanan as principal of St Leonard’s at the University of St. Andrew’s in 1566?

A

Lord James Stewart, the Earl of Moray

93
Q

Where was there fierce noble resistance to Calvinism? (Scotland)

A

Northern Scotland

94
Q

What % of nobles were Calvinist at its peak? (Poland)

A

45%

95
Q

At its peak, what % of the population were Calvinist? (Scotland)

A

20-25%

96
Q

What did the 1573 Warsaw Confederation allow Polish nobles to do?

A

Retain Protestant churches on their lands

97
Q

When was the Warsaw Confederation, which allowed Polish nobles to retain Protestant churches on their lands?

A

1573

98
Q

Who approved the 1573 Warsaw Confederation, and why? (Poland)

A

The Sejm as Sigismund II had died heirless in 1572

99
Q

What was significant about the 1573 Warsaw Confederation? (Poland)

A

One of the first European acts granting religious toleration to nobility and free persons, done to avoid civil war (backdrop of bloody French Wars of Religion)

100
Q

What was the Sejm? (Poland)

A

Powerful nobility, a council of 300 representing Poland, Royal Prussia and Lithuania

101
Q

By what point had the majority of nobility formally adopted Calvinism, along with approx. 20% of the population? (Poland)

A

1565

102
Q

Why was Polish noble support for Calvinism limited?

A

Lack of nationalism due to a popular monarch. Nobles already powerful.

103
Q

What did the Sejm make their preferred candidate, Francis of Anjou, swear?

A

That he “will defend the peace between those differing over religion.”

104
Q

How many Calvinist churches were there in Poland?

A

About 200

105
Q

How many Calvinist churches were there in Hungary?

A

400

106
Q

What did John a Lasco do for Calvinism? (Poland)

A

Established a Calvinist church in Eden, an exile church in London and helped to spread Polish Calvinism

107
Q

What caused the formation of the Greater Poland Brethren?

A

1548 - the Calvinist Church the Czech Brethren fled from Ferdinand to Northern Poland and caused the local nobility to quickly convert

108
Q

When was the first Polish Calvinist service, and where?

A

1550 in a small town near Krakow

109
Q

When and what was the name of the tolerant and pragmatic profession of faith? (Poland)

A

May 1555 - Polish Interim

110
Q

What did Sigismund II make John a Lasco as a signal to reformers? (Poland)

A

The King’s secretary

111
Q

What did John a Lasco do in his position as the king’s secretary? (Poland)

A

Translated the Bible into Polish and introduced Calvinist reforms.
Established Church government.
Denied the distinction between ministers and elders.

112
Q

When did John a Lasco die? (Poland)

A

1560

113
Q

When did the Jesuits arrive in Poland? Which ones? What did they do?

A

1565 - Canisius and Salmeron - balanced the faiths, particularly as they included non-RCs in schools.

114
Q

Why was the Jesuits influence from 1565 limited in Poland?

A

Too late a stage in the Reformation

115
Q

When was Knox caught up in the Protestant seizure of St Andrew’s and assassination of Cardinal Baton? (Scotland)

A

19th May 1546

116
Q

What was Knox’s punishment for being caught up in the Protestant seizure of St. Andrew’s and assassination of Cardinal Baton on 29th May 1546? (Scotland)

A

Made a French galley slave for 19 months

117
Q

When was Knox appointed as preacher in Berwick, England (on the border to Scotland?

A

1549

118
Q

What did Knox attack whilst preacher in Berwick (from 1549)? (Scotland)

A

The RC Mass as idolatry because it was “invented by the brain of man”. Earned fame as a celebrated “fire-brand” preacher.

119
Q

When was Knox invited to court to preach before King Edward VI? (Scotland)

A

1551

120
Q

When did Knox have to flee to Europe? (Scotland)

A

1553 - Mary I’s accession

121
Q

Where did Knox minister, having fled to Europe in 1553? (Scotland)

A

Frankfurt and then Geneva (alongside Calvin)

122
Q

When did Knox release a celebrated pamphlet attacking Mary I, Mary of Guise, Charles V and other Catholic rulers? (Scotland)

A

20th July 1553

123
Q

Who did Knox work on the January 1561 ‘First Book of Discipline’ alongside? (Scotland)

A

John Douglas, John Winram, John Row, John Willock and John Spottiswoode

124
Q

What did the January 1561 ‘First Book of Discipline’ model for Scotland?

A

Geneva as model for a Scottish Kirk

125
Q

Who did Knox preach before in 1556? (Scotland)

A

High-ranking Scottish nobles like the Earls of Morray and Mar

126
Q

What did Knox’s May 1559 sermon advocating anti-French, anti-Papal and pro-English policies precipitate? (Scotland)

A

A small riot that led to the sacking of churches and friaries

127
Q

When was Knox installed as preacher in St Giles?

A

July 1559

128
Q

When did the Scottish reformation Parliament convene and meet?

A

August 1560

129
Q

What did the Reformation Parliament, convened August 1560, agree?

A

Rejection of papal authority, abolition of the Mass, adoption of a Calvinist confession of faith

130
Q

When was the Treaty of Edinburgh?

A

1560

131
Q

How many nobles signed a petition for the relaxation of the heresy laws in 1565? (Netherlands)

A

400

132
Q

What % of the Hungarian population did reformed Protestants make up?

A

40-45%

133
Q

By what point were most of the Hungarian nobility reformed?

A

1564

134
Q

Which Hungarian regions had no Protestant organisations until 1576?

A

Western and North-Western

135
Q

How many members of the upper house of the Polish Diet were Protestants? How many were reformed?

A

36/69, and 28

136
Q

How many magnates in the upper house of the Hungarian Diet were Protestant?

A

3/36

137
Q

Who did Calvinists lead successful resistance against in Eastern Hungary?

A

Jesuits in Transylvania

138
Q

By what point were there more martyrs/executions for the reformation than in any other country? (Netherlands)

A

1555

139
Q

How were Genevan texts smuggled in to the Netherlands?

A

Via Emden

140
Q

When was there a list of banned books in the Netherlands?

A

1546

141
Q

When did Guy de Bees return to the Netherlands to lead reformed worship?

A

1552

142
Q

What did Guy de Bres’ 1561 translation of Dutch Confession affirm? (the Netherlands)

A

Loyalty to the government

143
Q

At what point did secret sermons in Dutch (“hedgerow preaching”) begin to be held outdoors? (the Netherlands)

A

1561

144
Q

What was the Belgic Confession? (the Netherlands)

A

Written by Guy de Bres (1559), a confession of faith

145
Q

When was the Belgic Confession formally endorsed by Antwerp Synod as the basis of an alliance between Dutch nobility and the Calvinist reformers? (the Netherlands)

A

1566

146
Q

Why did Margaret of Parma have little choice but to make promises regarding religious toleration in 1565? (the Netherlands)

A

Had no army at her disposal

147
Q

What was the Council of Troubles? When was it established? (the Netherlands)

A

1567 - A.k.a Council of Blood: targeted Calvinists and Catholic nobles who promoted compromise or discussion

148
Q

When was Guy de Bres executed by the Council of Troubles? (the Netherlands)

A

1567

149
Q

Which three key individuals were arrested and executed in Brussels town square, alongside a large group of heretics, in 1568? (the Netherlands)

A

Count of Egmont - Catholic war hero and famous General of Philip II
Philip of Montmorency - Catholic Admiral of the Spanish fleet
Antony van Stralen - Catholic mayor of Antwerp

150
Q

When did a rebellion break out in response to the Inquisition, and the new tithe levied against the general population to pay for the maintenance of Spanish forces? (the Netherlands)

A

1568

151
Q

How many formal executions did the first Dutch Revolt see? (the Netherlands)

A

Around 5000

152
Q

When was the Duke of Alba (military antagonist of Protestants) recalled to Spain? (the Netherlands)

A

1573

153
Q

Which noble led the Calvinist Dutch hostilities? (the Netherlands)

A

William the Silent, Duke of Orange

154
Q

When was there a list of banned books that included all of Calvin’s works? (France)

A

1551

155
Q

Who were the four martyrs of Scottish Calvinism?

A 
Patrick Hamilton (1528)
Henry Forrest (1533)
George Wishart (1546)
Walter Myelin (1558)
156
Q

Who influenced John Knox’s conversion from RC to reformist? (Scotland)

A

George Wishart

157
Q

From when was Marty Stuart raised in France? (Scotland)

A

1548

158
Q

When was Mary Stuart born? (Scotland)

A

1542

159
Q

How old was Mary Stuart when she was proclaimed Queen of Scotland?

A

6 days old

160
Q

When did James Hamilton, the Earl of Arran (regent) convert to Catholicism? (Scotland)

A

1543

161
Q

What did Knox preach in June 1559? (Scotland)

A

Similar to May 1559 (cleansing of the temple in Perth - anti-French, anti-Papal, pro-English)

162
Q

What was the response to Knox’s June 1559 sermon in St Andrews? (Scotland)

A

The city’s magistrates ordered churches to be stripped and ceremoniously burned on the site of Myln’s execution

163
Q

What did Protestant groups do in June 1559? (Scotland)

A

Gained control of various cities and burghs with the support of local gentry, actively avoided bloodshed, sought to cleanse idolatry

164
Q

When was a French army sent by Mary of Guise to St Andrews forced to retreat? (Scotland)

A

June 1559

165
Q

What events happened in October 1559? (Scotland)

A

Further French reinforcements.
Congregation party appealed to the English for help.
Mary of Guise was formally deposed by the Scottish Parliament, but remained in Scotland with significant forces.

166
Q

When did an English fleet arrive in the Firth of Forth? (Scotland)

A

January 1560

167
Q

When was the Treaty of Berwick? (Scotland)

A

February 1560

168
Q

What was the February 1560 Treaty of Berwick?

A

The terms under which an English fleet and army would come to Scotland to expel the French troops who were defending the Regency of Mary of Guise.

169
Q

When was the Treaty of Edinburgh?

A

June 1560

170
Q

When was a Calvinist-inspired Reformed Confession of Faith enshrined into law? (Scotland)

A

August 1560

171
Q

What was in the August 1560 Calvinist-inspired Reformed Confession of Faith? (Scotland)

A

Sacraments reduced to two, to be performed by reformed preachers.
Rejected papal authority.
Mass abandoned.

172
Q

When did Henri II become king of France?

A

1547

173
Q

When was Henri II killed in a jousting accident? (France)

A

1559

174
Q

Who succeeded Henri II in 1559? (France)

A

15 year old Francis II, whose regents were Guise hard-liners

175
Q

When was the Peace of Amboise? (France)

A

March 1563

176
Q

What was the March 1563 Peace of Amboise? (France)

A

Granted liberty of conscience, but restricted Huguenot worship to households of the nobility

177
Q

What did the French Wars of Religion culminate in?

A

April 1598 Edict of Nantes

178
Q

What was the April 1598 Edict of Nantes? (France)

A

Granted the Calvinist Protestants of France, also known as Huguenots, substantial rights in the nation - national unity

179
Q

Where was John Knox educated? (Scotland)

A

St Andrews

180
Q

When did Philip II send military forces under the Duke of Alba to deal with the rise of Calvinism? (the Netherlands)

A

1566

181
Q

When was Bertrand le Blasphemy executed? (the Netherlands)

A

1554

182
Q

By 1600s, what % of the lower nobility and high nobility had converted to Calvinism? (Hungary)

A

80% of lower, 60% of higher

183
Q

How successful was Calvinism in France?

A

The 1563 Peace of Amboise did not last and the French Wars of Religion carried on for the rest of the century, culminating in religious toleration for Calvinists

184
Q

When was the first Reformed Church in Antwerp? (the Netherlands)

A

1555

185
Q

Before 1566, how many of the preachers active in the southern Netherlands had links with Geneva?

A

12/84

186
Q

What was the key missionary centre for Dutch Calvinism, providing refuge, counsel and a key printing industry?

A

Emden

187
Q

When was the first Dutch translation of Calvin’s ‘Institutes’ published in Emden?

A

1560

188
Q

When were the Ecclesiastical Ordinances finally published in the Netherlands?

A

1560s

189
Q

What was the Reformed Church order in the Low Countries (the Netherlands) based on?

A

The Dutch Church Order, written by John a Lasco

190
Q

When did Philip II create tensions by creating new bishoprics? (the Netherlands)

A

1561

191
Q

Why did Philip II create new bishoprics in 1561?

A

Driven by the objective of supervising clerical reform and the campaign against hersy

192
Q

Why was Philip II’s religious reforms unpopular? (the Netherlands)

A

Noble families feared a loss of control, abbots resisted the anticipated loss of monastic properties that would be used to endow the new bishoprics, and many magistrates refuse to allow th bishops within the city walls.

193
Q

Why did the Dutch aristocracy feel alienated by Philip II?

A

He didn’t visit the Netherlands

194
Q

What did nobles do in 1565? (the Netherlands)

A

400 nobles signed a petition for the relaxation of the heresy laws

195
Q

What practice of Dutch Calvinists showed the power of the movement?

A

Hedge preaching - 1000s of Calvinists flocked to the countryside to hear sermons

196
Q

When did sermons give way to widespread iconoclasm? (the Netherlands)

A

10th August 1566

197
Q

What happened in Flanders as a result of widespread iconoclasm? (the Netherlands)

A

400 Catholic Churches were sacked in two weeks

198
Q

What was the survival of Dutch Calvinism owed to?

A

Their Church structures, which included consistories on a parish level

199
Q

Who coordinated Dutch Calvinism from the late 1560s onwards?

A

William of Orange

200
Q

What suggested that the Duke of Alba’s repression of Calvinism was not altogether unsuccessful? (the Netherlands)

A

Only 16 Calvinist ‘Churches under the cross’ left

201
Q

What shows Lutheran weaknesses, that may have contributed to the success of Calvinism? (Germany)

A

Lutheran visitations revealed non-attendance at church and relative ignorance of basic Lutheran teachings

202
Q

What did Henry Cohn say of Calvinism in the HRE?

A

“the hallmark of Calvinism in the Empire was the leading part played from the outset by princely rulers”

203
Q

Who said “the hallmark of Calvinism in the Empire was the leading part played from the outset by princely rulers”?

A

Henry Cohn

204
Q

Why was Calvinism more politically attractive for secular rulers? (Germany)

A

Creation of a more absolutist style of government

205
Q

What Calvinist publications came out in 1563? (Germany)

A

The Heidelberg Catechism and Church Order

206
Q

Which elector introduced Calvinism, without it having any legal standing in the Empire due to the Peace of Augsburg? (Germany)

A

Elector Frederick III

207
Q

What proportion of the inhabitants in the German lands were Reformed Calvinists by 1618?

A

1 / 16 million

208
Q

What proportion of the lay electors of the Empire, Brandenburg and Palatinate, were Calvinist? (Germany)

A

2 out of the 4

209
Q

Which Eastern Europe country did the Calvinist faith survive in in the longer term?

A

Hungary

210
Q

In what way was the Grand Duchy of Lithuania a religiously diverse state?

A

Included Orthodox Christians, Jews, Lutherans and Anabaptists

211
Q

How many Calvinist churches were there in Lithuania?

A

400

212
Q

What checked Protestant expansion in Poland?

A

internal divisions over the Trinity and a vigorous C-Ref

213
Q

When did a royal decree establish general confessional toleration? (Hungary)

A

1566

European Reformation (4 decks)

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