International Calvinism Flashcards
1
Q
When was the first Calvinist church in Paris?
A
1555
2
Q
Who brought about the first Calvinist church in Paris?
A
Two noble pastors Francois de Morel and Antoine de la Roche-Chandieu
3
Q
When did Jeanne D’Albert, Queen of Navarre, convert to Calvinism? (France)
A
1560
4
Q
What role did Louis de Bourbon, Prince de Conde, assume? (France)
A
Protector General of the Huguenot Church
5
Q
What % of Calvinists in France were nobles?
A
50%
6
Q
How many Calvinist pastors had even sent from Geneva to France by 1567?
A
170
7
Q
How many copies of the Huguenot French psalms were printed on Genevan presses to be sent to France?
A
27,000
8
Q
How did the Polish monarchy promote Calvinism?
A
Tolerant attitudes in a country with existing religious pluralism, e.g didn’t enforce heresy laws
9
Q
Why did fewer Polish nobles convert to Calvinism?
A
Monarchy was popular
10
Q
When did King Sigismund the Old accept Albrecht of Prussia as his vassel, creating the first European ruler to establish Protestantism? (Poland)
A
1525
11
Q
Why may King Sigismund II been sympathetic to Calvinism? (Poland)
A
His wife and mistress was Calvinist
12
Q
When was the Polish Confession (tolerant profession of faith)?
A
1555
13
Q
When were the gentry allowed to promote any chosen scriptural worship in their localities? (Poland)
A
1555
14
Q
What emphasised to Scottish nobles Mary Stuart’s ‘foreigness’?
A
Spoke Scottish in a French accent
15
Q
When was Mary Stuart deposed?
A
1567
16
Q
What is an example of how Francis I’s foreign policy informed his religious policy?
A
Allied with Lutheran Schmalkaldic League against Habsburgs
17
Q
What was Francis I’s religious policy pre-1530s?
A
Relatively moderate
18
Q
When was the Affair of the Placards? (France)
A
1534
19
Q
What was the 1534 Affair of the Placards? (France)
A
Placards denouncing the Catholic Mass were put up in multiple cities across the country, including the door of Francis’ bedchamber.
20
Q
What caused Calvin to leave for Geneva? (France)
A
1534 Affair of the Placards
21
Q
What was indicated by a placard within the 1534 Affair of the Placards being placed on the door of Francis’ bedchamber? (France)
A
Nobles, or people close to Francis, were involved - threatening
22
Q
When was the Chambre Ardente set up, and by which French monarch?
A
1547 - Henri II
23
Q
When was the Edict of Compiegne? (France)
A
1557
24
Q
What was the 1557 French legislation against reformist movements?
A
Edict of Compiegne
25
What was the 1557 Edict of Compiegne? (France)
Death penalty applied for crimes such as convictions of sacramentarianism; anyone who went to Geneva to publish or preach; and participation in banned religious gatherings.
26
When was the Rue St Jacques affair? (France)
4th September 1557
27
What was the 4th September 1557 Rue St Jacques affair? (France)
130 people arrested at a Calvinist prayer meeting, including 30 nobles. A widow was subsequently arrested.
28
When was the first national synod of Huguenots? (France)
1559
29
How many French Calvinist churches were represented at the 1559 first national synod of Huguenots?
72
30
What was presented at the 1559 first national synod of Huguenots? (France)
35-article Gallican Confession of Faith, drafted by Calvin
31
What was the reception to the 35-article Gallican Confession of Faith? (France)
Largely accept, with minor alterations
32
How many organised Calvinist churches were there by 1562? (France)
2000
33
Where did Jean la Masson preach throughout 1555-70? (France)
Preached in communities from the Pyrenees to Carcassone to Montauban
34
When did Luther die, causing growing divisions within Lutheranism?
1546
35
What did the 1551 Edict of Chateaubriand identify about Geneva?
Key centre for printing Calvinist books
36
When was the Edict of Chateaubriand? (France)
1551
37
What was the French 1551 legislation?
Edict of Chateaubriand
38
What did Menna Prestwich say about Paris?
"it was Paris, not Geneva, which ignited the explosion."
39
Who said "it was Paris, not Geneva, which ignited the explosion"?
Menna Prestwich
40
What happened in 1558? (France)
Thousands attended a public sermon in Pre-aux-Clercs, showing willingness of Calvinists to defy the Catholic authorities
41
What event did Pastor Francois de Morel preside over? (France)
1559 - first Calvinist national synod
42
What did the 1559 first Calvinist national synod establish? (France)
The key structures of the Calvinist church - regional colloquies, to provincial and national synods
43
When was the Edict of Ecouen? (France)
1559
44
When was Anne du Bourg, a member of the Paris Parliament, executed?
1559
45
What was the name of the member of the Paris Parliament executed 1559?
Anne du Bourg
46
What was a recent estimate of Calvinist churches in 1562? (France)
1750
47
Where did Calvinist preacher Pierre Viret travel? (France)
The Midi (south), especially Nimes, Montpellier and Lyon
48
What % of the population did Huguenot numbers increase to? (France)
10%
49
Where were there riots in France in 1560?
Rouen and La Rochelle
50
Which three southern towns in France did Calvinism take hold of by 1561?
Castres, Nimes and Montauban
51
When was the Conspiracy of Amboise? (France)
1560
52
What was the 1560 Conspiracy of Amboise? (France)
Plan to seize the young King Francis II - supported by Louis, Prince de Conde and Theodore Beza. Calvin distanced himself from it.
53
What did Pierre Viret do from 1559? (France)
Travelled throughout southern France preaching the Calvinist message and publishing treatises on resistance and idolatry
54
When was the massacre of Protestants at Vassy? (France)
1562
55
What caused the outbreak of the religious wars? (France)
Massacre of Protestants at Vassy in 1562
56
What were the failed attempts at reconciliation? (France)
Colloquy of Poissy, and the Edict of January
57
When was the Colloquy of Poissy?
September 1561
58
What was the September 1561 Colloquy of Poissy?
Catherine de Medici (regent) summoned an assembly of Catholic and Protestant theologians, but agreement could not be reached on the Eucharist with Calvinist Beza denying the Real Presence
59
When was the Edict of January?
January 1562
60
What was the 1562 Edict of January?
Catherine de Medici officially recognised the right of Protestants to gather together and hold services in the outskirts of the towns and in the countryside. However, was rejected by Catholic faction and therefore failed.
61
When were compromises reached at the end of three inconclusive French wars of religion?
1563, 1568, 1570
62
When was the Synod of La Rochelle? (France)
1571
63
What was the 1571 Synod of La Rochelle? (France)
Gallican Confession ratified and signed by all the delegates
64
What was the 1572 symbolic marriage? (France)
Between Protestant Henri of Navarre and the King's Catholic sister Marguerite de Valois
65
How did John Knox describe Geneva? (Scotland)
As the "most perfect school of Christ."
66
When did Elizabeth I receive the throne? (England/Scotland)
November 1558
67
When did Knox deliver a sermon advocating an anti-French, anti-papal and pro-English alliance? (Scotland)
May 1559
68
What did Knox preach in his May 1559 sermon?
Advocated for an anti-French, anti-papal and pro-English alliance
69
When did a Protestant 'Congregation' seize various towns in central Scotland and enter the capital, Edinburgh (where Knox was installed as the first Protestant preacher)?
July 1559
70
When was Cardinal Beaton assassinated in a seizure of St. Andrew's? (Scotland)
29th May 1546
71
What were the dates for the Scotland/England war?
20th December 1543 - March 1551
72
When did Mary of Guise take over the regency from James Hamilton?
1554
73
What period was James Hamilton regent for?
1542 - 54
74
Why did Mary of Guise create fear of French predominance in Scottish affairs?
Had (secretly) promised Scottish succession to France. Had put many Frenchmen in top positions. Seen as foreign.
75
When was Mary of Guise deposed? (Scotland)
October 1559
76
When did Mary of Guise die? (Scotland)
June 1560
77
When did Mary Stuart return from France? (Scotland)
1561
78
When did Marty Stuart flee to England? (Scotland)
1568
79
What was Sigismund II declared in 1555? (Poland)
A "common father" in matters of religion
80
When was Sigismund II declared a "common father" in matters of religion? (Poland)
1555
81
What pragmatic concessions did Sigismund II make from 1555? (Poland)
Every Polish lord was allowed to introduce any scriptural mode of worship with the king's consent, offered communion in both kinds, vernacular services and an end to compulsory clergy celibacy (non-doctrinal)
82
Who did Sigismund II invite back from W. Europe in 1556? (Poland)
John a Las
83
What legislation came. about in 1550? (Poland)
Royal Edict against heresy, was unenforced
84
What did Sigismund II use Calvinism for? (Poland)
A counter-weight for the Catholic bishops of Vilnius (centre of C-Ref)
85
When did the Lords of the Congregation assemble? (Scotland)
1554
86
Who was in the Lords of the Congregation, assembled in 1554? (Scotland)
```
Lord Lorne
Earl of Morray
Earl of Mar
Lord Erskin
Earl of Argyll
```
87
When was Knox called to trial, accompanied by high-ranking nobles? (Scotland)
1556
88
What happened by 1561? (Scotland)
Nobility of Scotland comprised a definite Protestant majority
89
When was Knox's 'The First Book of Discipline'? (Scotland)
1561
90
Who was the most significant source of aristocratic support? (Scotland)
Lord James Stewart, the Earl of Moray
91
When was George Buchanan appointed as principal of St Leonard's at the University of St. Andrew's?
1566
92
Who appointed George Buchanan as principal of St Leonard's at the University of St. Andrew's in 1566?
Lord James Stewart, the Earl of Moray
93
Where was there fierce noble resistance to Calvinism? (Scotland)
Northern Scotland
94
What % of nobles were Calvinist at its peak? (Poland)
45%
95
At its peak, what % of the population were Calvinist? (Scotland)
20-25%
96
What did the 1573 Warsaw Confederation allow Polish nobles to do?
Retain Protestant churches on their lands
97
When was the Warsaw Confederation, which allowed Polish nobles to retain Protestant churches on their lands?
1573
98
Who approved the 1573 Warsaw Confederation, and why? (Poland)
The Sejm as Sigismund II had died heirless in 1572
99
What was significant about the 1573 Warsaw Confederation? (Poland)
One of the first European acts granting religious toleration to nobility and free persons, done to avoid civil war (backdrop of bloody French Wars of Religion)
100
What was the Sejm? (Poland)
Powerful nobility, a council of 300 representing Poland, Royal Prussia and Lithuania
101
By what point had the majority of nobility formally adopted Calvinism, along with approx. 20% of the population? (Poland)
1565
102
Why was Polish noble support for Calvinism limited?
Lack of nationalism due to a popular monarch. Nobles already powerful.
103
What did the Sejm make their preferred candidate, Francis of Anjou, swear?
That he "will defend the peace between those differing over religion."
104
How many Calvinist churches were there in Poland?
About 200
105
How many Calvinist churches were there in Hungary?
400
106
What did John a Lasco do for Calvinism? (Poland)
Established a Calvinist church in Eden, an exile church in London and helped to spread Polish Calvinism
107
What caused the formation of the Greater Poland Brethren?
1548 - the Calvinist Church the Czech Brethren fled from Ferdinand to Northern Poland and caused the local nobility to quickly convert
108
When was the first Polish Calvinist service, and where?
1550 in a small town near Krakow
109
When and what was the name of the tolerant and pragmatic profession of faith? (Poland)
May 1555 - Polish Interim
110
What did Sigismund II make John a Lasco as a signal to reformers? (Poland)
The King's secretary
111
What did John a Lasco do in his position as the king's secretary? (Poland)
Translated the Bible into Polish and introduced Calvinist reforms.
Established Church government.
Denied the distinction between ministers and elders.
112
When did John a Lasco die? (Poland)
1560
113
When did the Jesuits arrive in Poland? Which ones? What did they do?
1565 - Canisius and Salmeron - balanced the faiths, particularly as they included non-RCs in schools.
114
Why was the Jesuits influence from 1565 limited in Poland?
Too late a stage in the Reformation
115
When was Knox caught up in the Protestant seizure of St Andrew's and assassination of Cardinal Baton? (Scotland)
19th May 1546
116
What was Knox's punishment for being caught up in the Protestant seizure of St. Andrew's and assassination of Cardinal Baton on 29th May 1546? (Scotland)
Made a French galley slave for 19 months
117
When was Knox appointed as preacher in Berwick, England (on the border to Scotland?
1549
118
What did Knox attack whilst preacher in Berwick (from 1549)? (Scotland)
The RC Mass as idolatry because it was "invented by the brain of man". Earned fame as a celebrated "fire-brand" preacher.
119
When was Knox invited to court to preach before King Edward VI? (Scotland)
1551
120
When did Knox have to flee to Europe? (Scotland)
1553 - Mary I's accession
121
Where did Knox minister, having fled to Europe in 1553? (Scotland)
Frankfurt and then Geneva (alongside Calvin)
122
When did Knox release a celebrated pamphlet attacking Mary I, Mary of Guise, Charles V and other Catholic rulers? (Scotland)
20th July 1553
123
Who did Knox work on the January 1561 'First Book of Discipline' alongside? (Scotland)
John Douglas, John Winram, John Row, John Willock and John Spottiswoode
124
What did the January 1561 'First Book of Discipline' model for Scotland?
Geneva as model for a Scottish Kirk
125
Who did Knox preach before in 1556? (Scotland)
High-ranking Scottish nobles like the Earls of Morray and Mar
126
What did Knox's May 1559 sermon advocating anti-French, anti-Papal and pro-English policies precipitate? (Scotland)
A small riot that led to the sacking of churches and friaries
127
When was Knox installed as preacher in St Giles?
July 1559
128
When did the Scottish reformation Parliament convene and meet?
August 1560
129
What did the Reformation Parliament, convened August 1560, agree?
Rejection of papal authority, abolition of the Mass, adoption of a Calvinist confession of faith
130
When was the Treaty of Edinburgh?
1560
131
How many nobles signed a petition for the relaxation of the heresy laws in 1565? (Netherlands)
400
132
What % of the Hungarian population did reformed Protestants make up?
40-45%
133
By what point were most of the Hungarian nobility reformed?
1564
134
Which Hungarian regions had no Protestant organisations until 1576?
Western and North-Western
135
How many members of the upper house of the Polish Diet were Protestants? How many were reformed?
36/69, and 28
136
How many magnates in the upper house of the Hungarian Diet were Protestant?
3/36
137
Who did Calvinists lead successful resistance against in Eastern Hungary?
Jesuits in Transylvania
138
By what point were there more martyrs/executions for the reformation than in any other country? (Netherlands)
1555
139
How were Genevan texts smuggled in to the Netherlands?
Via Emden
140
When was there a list of banned books in the Netherlands?
1546
141
When did Guy de Bees return to the Netherlands to lead reformed worship?
1552
142
What did Guy de Bres' 1561 translation of Dutch Confession affirm? (the Netherlands)
Loyalty to the government
143
At what point did secret sermons in Dutch ("hedgerow preaching") begin to be held outdoors? (the Netherlands)
1561
144
What was the Belgic Confession? (the Netherlands)
Written by Guy de Bres (1559), a confession of faith
145
When was the Belgic Confession formally endorsed by Antwerp Synod as the basis of an alliance between Dutch nobility and the Calvinist reformers? (the Netherlands)
1566
146
Why did Margaret of Parma have little choice but to make promises regarding religious toleration in 1565? (the Netherlands)
Had no army at her disposal
147
What was the Council of Troubles? When was it established? (the Netherlands)
1567 - A.k.a Council of Blood: targeted Calvinists and Catholic nobles who promoted compromise or discussion
148
When was Guy de Bres executed by the Council of Troubles? (the Netherlands)
1567
149
Which three key individuals were arrested and executed in Brussels town square, alongside a large group of heretics, in 1568? (the Netherlands)
Count of Egmont - Catholic war hero and famous General of Philip II
Philip of Montmorency - Catholic Admiral of the Spanish fleet
Antony van Stralen - Catholic mayor of Antwerp
150
When did a rebellion break out in response to the Inquisition, and the new tithe levied against the general population to pay for the maintenance of Spanish forces? (the Netherlands)
1568
151
How many formal executions did the first Dutch Revolt see? (the Netherlands)
Around 5000
152
When was the Duke of Alba (military antagonist of Protestants) recalled to Spain? (the Netherlands)
1573
153
Which noble led the Calvinist Dutch hostilities? (the Netherlands)
William the Silent, Duke of Orange
154
When was there a list of banned books that included all of Calvin's works? (France)
1551
155
Who were the four martyrs of Scottish Calvinism?
```
Patrick Hamilton (1528)
Henry Forrest (1533)
George Wishart (1546)
Walter Myelin (1558)
```
156
Who influenced John Knox's conversion from RC to reformist? (Scotland)
George Wishart
157
From when was Marty Stuart raised in France? (Scotland)
1548
158
When was Mary Stuart born? (Scotland)
1542
159
How old was Mary Stuart when she was proclaimed Queen of Scotland?
6 days old
160
When did James Hamilton, the Earl of Arran (regent) convert to Catholicism? (Scotland)
1543
161
What did Knox preach in June 1559? (Scotland)
Similar to May 1559 (cleansing of the temple in Perth - anti-French, anti-Papal, pro-English)
162
What was the response to Knox's June 1559 sermon in St Andrews? (Scotland)
The city's magistrates ordered churches to be stripped and ceremoniously burned on the site of Myln's execution
163
What did Protestant groups do in June 1559? (Scotland)
Gained control of various cities and burghs with the support of local gentry, actively avoided bloodshed, sought to cleanse idolatry
164
When was a French army sent by Mary of Guise to St Andrews forced to retreat? (Scotland)
June 1559
165
What events happened in October 1559? (Scotland)
Further French reinforcements.
Congregation party appealed to the English for help.
Mary of Guise was formally deposed by the Scottish Parliament, but remained in Scotland with significant forces.
166
When did an English fleet arrive in the Firth of Forth? (Scotland)
January 1560
167
When was the Treaty of Berwick? (Scotland)
February 1560
168
What was the February 1560 Treaty of Berwick?
The terms under which an English fleet and army would come to Scotland to expel the French troops who were defending the Regency of Mary of Guise.
169
When was the Treaty of Edinburgh?
June 1560
170
When was a Calvinist-inspired Reformed Confession of Faith enshrined into law? (Scotland)
August 1560
171
What was in the August 1560 Calvinist-inspired Reformed Confession of Faith? (Scotland)
Sacraments reduced to two, to be performed by reformed preachers.
Rejected papal authority.
Mass abandoned.
172
When did Henri II become king of France?
1547
173
When was Henri II killed in a jousting accident? (France)
1559
174
Who succeeded Henri II in 1559? (France)
15 year old Francis II, whose regents were Guise hard-liners
175
When was the Peace of Amboise? (France)
March 1563
176
What was the March 1563 Peace of Amboise? (France)
Granted liberty of conscience, but restricted Huguenot worship to households of the nobility
177
What did the French Wars of Religion culminate in?
April 1598 Edict of Nantes
178
What was the April 1598 Edict of Nantes? (France)
Granted the Calvinist Protestants of France, also known as Huguenots, substantial rights in the nation - national unity
179
Where was John Knox educated? (Scotland)
St Andrews
180
When did Philip II send military forces under the Duke of Alba to deal with the rise of Calvinism? (the Netherlands)
1566
181
When was Bertrand le Blasphemy executed? (the Netherlands)
1554
182
By 1600s, what % of the lower nobility and high nobility had converted to Calvinism? (Hungary)
80% of lower, 60% of higher
183
How successful was Calvinism in France?
The 1563 Peace of Amboise did not last and the French Wars of Religion carried on for the rest of the century, culminating in religious toleration for Calvinists
184
When was the first Reformed Church in Antwerp? (the Netherlands)
1555
185
Before 1566, how many of the preachers active in the southern Netherlands had links with Geneva?
12/84
186
What was the key missionary centre for Dutch Calvinism, providing refuge, counsel and a key printing industry?
Emden
187
When was the first Dutch translation of Calvin's 'Institutes' published in Emden?
1560
188
When were the Ecclesiastical Ordinances finally published in the Netherlands?
1560s
189
What was the Reformed Church order in the Low Countries (the Netherlands) based on?
The Dutch Church Order, written by John a Lasco
190
When did Philip II create tensions by creating new bishoprics? (the Netherlands)
1561
191
Why did Philip II create new bishoprics in 1561?
Driven by the objective of supervising clerical reform and the campaign against hersy
192
Why was Philip II's religious reforms unpopular? (the Netherlands)
Noble families feared a loss of control, abbots resisted the anticipated loss of monastic properties that would be used to endow the new bishoprics, and many magistrates refuse to allow th bishops within the city walls.
193
Why did the Dutch aristocracy feel alienated by Philip II?
He didn't visit the Netherlands
194
What did nobles do in 1565? (the Netherlands)
400 nobles signed a petition for the relaxation of the heresy laws
195
What practice of Dutch Calvinists showed the power of the movement?
Hedge preaching - 1000s of Calvinists flocked to the countryside to hear sermons
196
When did sermons give way to widespread iconoclasm? (the Netherlands)
10th August 1566
197
What happened in Flanders as a result of widespread iconoclasm? (the Netherlands)
400 Catholic Churches were sacked in two weeks
198
What was the survival of Dutch Calvinism owed to?
Their Church structures, which included consistories on a parish level
199
Who coordinated Dutch Calvinism from the late 1560s onwards?
William of Orange
200
What suggested that the Duke of Alba's repression of Calvinism was not altogether unsuccessful? (the Netherlands)
Only 16 Calvinist 'Churches under the cross' left
201
What shows Lutheran weaknesses, that may have contributed to the success of Calvinism? (Germany)
Lutheran visitations revealed non-attendance at church and relative ignorance of basic Lutheran teachings
202
What did Henry Cohn say of Calvinism in the HRE?
"the hallmark of Calvinism in the Empire was the leading part played from the outset by princely rulers"
203
Who said "the hallmark of Calvinism in the Empire was the leading part played from the outset by princely rulers"?
Henry Cohn
204
Why was Calvinism more politically attractive for secular rulers? (Germany)
Creation of a more absolutist style of government
205
What Calvinist publications came out in 1563? (Germany)
The Heidelberg Catechism and Church Order
206
Which elector introduced Calvinism, without it having any legal standing in the Empire due to the Peace of Augsburg? (Germany)
Elector Frederick III
207
What proportion of the inhabitants in the German lands were Reformed Calvinists by 1618?
1 / 16 million
208
What proportion of the lay electors of the Empire, Brandenburg and Palatinate, were Calvinist? (Germany)
2 out of the 4
209
Which Eastern Europe country did the Calvinist faith survive in in the longer term?
Hungary
210
In what way was the Grand Duchy of Lithuania a religiously diverse state?
Included Orthodox Christians, Jews, Lutherans and Anabaptists
211
How many Calvinist churches were there in Lithuania?
400
212
What checked Protestant expansion in Poland?
internal divisions over the Trinity and a vigorous C-Ref
213
When did a royal decree establish general confessional toleration? (Hungary)
1566
