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European Reformation > The condition of the Church, c.1500-1517 > Flashcards

The condition of the Church, c.1500-1517 Flashcards

1
Q

Who said, and in what year,: “he who denies that the secular sword is in the power of Peter does not understand the words of the Lord”?

A

Pope Boniface VIII in 1302

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2
Q

What was historian Richard Southern’s view of the medieval church?

A

“It had all the apparatus of the state: laws and law courts, taxes and tax collectors, and a great administrative machine.”

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3
Q

What did Italian humanist Lorenzo Valla (1407-57) discover?

A

The Donation of Constantine (a document declaring that Constantine the Great had granted Pope Sylvester I the power to govern the western Roman Empire) was a forgery.

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4
Q

What was the Church’s only sanction?

A

Excommunication, which relied on the cooperation of Europe’s princes

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5
Q

What did Pope Nicholas V (1447-55) do to make Rome a worthy headquarters for the Church?

A

Had a massive rebuilding project, was a patron of the arts and sciences, and planned to build a new basilica.

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6
Q

How did Pius II (1458-64), Sixtus IV (1471-84) and Alexander VI (1492-1503) build on Nicholas V (1447-55)’s legacy?

A

Pius II was a man of learning and a distinguished humanist. Sixtus VI established the Vatican Library. Alexander VI contributed much to the completion of the Vatican.

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7
Q

When was Charles VIII’s march to Naples, where he used the Papal States as a route for his armies?

A

1494, during Alexander VI’s pontificate

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8
Q

What was the Sacra Rota?

A

The Supreme Court for ecclesiastical cases and the sovereign law court for the Papal States.

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9
Q

When did Emperor Frederick III sign a concordat with the Pope to gain greater control over ecclesiastical offices?

A

1448

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10
Q

How did Pope Eugenius IV secure support from the princes in the HRE?

A

By allowing them to collect papal taxes

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11
Q

What did Pope Boniface VIII say in his 1302 papal bull ‘Unam sanctum’?

A

“Outside this Church there is no salvation or remission of sins.”

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12
Q

What were the dates of the Great Schism? What did it emerge from? How was it ‘resolved’?

A

Began in 1378 with the rival papal elections of Urban VI and Clement VII. Ended with the election of Martin V at the Council of constance in 1417

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13
Q

Which conciliar decree noted the expectation that popes had to summon Councils regularly, at least once every ten years?

A

Frequens (1417)

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14
Q

What was the most printed book in the 15th century?

A

The Latin Bible

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15
Q

What is the order of the seven sacraments?

A

1) Baptism; 2) Confirmation; 3) Communion; 4) Matrimony; 5) Ordination; 6) Confession; 7) Extreme unction.

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16
Q

Where was the teaching of transubstantiation formalised? What was said?

A

At the Fourth Lateran Council: “His body and blood are truly contained in the sacrament of the altar under the forms of bread and wine, the bread na wine having been changed in substance, by God’s power, into his body and blood.”

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17
Q

When and where was the existence of purgatory decreed an article of faith?

A

The Council of Florence in 1437

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18
Q

What did Devotio Moderna emphasise?

A

Rigorous prayer, meditation and spiritual note-taking

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19
Q

When and where was Jan Hus burned?

A

1415 Council of Constance

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20
Q

How many copies of indulgences was a Barcelona printer commissioned to print for the Benedictine abbey of Montserrat in 1498?

A

18,000

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21
Q

How many pilgrims were recorded in a single week in Munich in 1392?

A

60,000

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22
Q

How many pilgrim badges were sold in Einsiedeln in a fortnight in 1466?

A

130,000

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23
Q

What was the levels of literacy in cities?

A

10-30%

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24
Q

What was the levels of literacy nationally?

A

5%

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25
Q

How many cardinals did Pope Leo X make in one day?

A

31

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26
Q

Why was the opposition to indulgences more acute by Luther’s challenge?

A

Creation of the ‘super indulgence’

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27
Q

When was Colet’s ‘Convocation of the clergy’?

A

1512

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28
Q

What was the title of John Colet’s 1512 publication?

A

‘Convocation of the clergy’

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29
Q

What did John Cole attack in his 1512 ‘Convocation of the clergy’?

A

Poor levels of spiritual care within the Church

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30
Q

When was Erasmus’ ‘Dagger of a Christian Gentleman’ published?

A

1503

31
Q

What was Erasmus’ 1503 publication?

A

‘Dagger of a Christian Gentleman’

32
Q

What did Erasmus criticise in his 1503 ‘Dagger of a Christian Gentleman’?

A

Church materialism

33
Q

What was Erasmus’ 1509 publication?

A

‘In Praise of Folly’

34
Q

When was Erasmus’ ‘In Praise of Folly’ published?

A

1509

35
Q

What did Erasmus attack in his 1509 publication ‘In Praise of Folly’?

A

Corruption, the Church hierarchy’s failures, indulgences

36
Q

What was Erasmus’ September 1524 publication?

A

On the Bondage of the Will

37
Q

When was the Fifth Lateran Council?

A

1512-17

38
Q

Who forced the Fifth Lateran Council on the pope, and which pope?

A

Spiritual in the Curia on Pope Julius II (1503-13)

39
Q

When was Henry VIII granted a papal dispensation to marry Catherine of Aragon?

A

1509

40
Q

How many copies of indulgences were commissioned from a Barcelona pinter in 1498 for the Benedictine Abbey of Montserrat?

A

18,000

41
Q

What was a Barcelona printer commissioned to print 18,000 copies of indulgences for, and when?

A

1498 - Benedictine Abbey of Montserrat

42
Q

Which pope was called the ‘Warrior Pope’ or ‘Fearsome Pope’?

A

Julius II

43
Q

Where did Pope Julius II conquer in 1508?

A

Perugia and Bologna

44
Q

How much of Germany did the RCC control through prince bishops?

A

1/5

45
Q

How many elector positions did the Church hold, and which?

A

3/7 - Archbishops of Mainz, Cologne and Trier

46
Q

Which countries had the Pope surrendered the power of appointing key church positions to?

A

France, Spain and England

47
Q

What can humanism be described as?

A

A reform movement

48
Q

What did the Waldensians call for?

A

A complete separation from official Catholic worship in favour of private scripture reading

49
Q

What about the Waldensians’ focus made them less of a threat?

A

They focused on criticising corruption, with doctrinal attacks only coming from a minority

50
Q

Who was the leader of the Lollards?

A

John Wycliffe

51
Q

What did John Wycliffe oppose?

A

The Church’s teaching of the Eucharist

52
Q

When were John Wycliffe’s works burnt?

A

1428

53
Q

What did Jan Hus criticise?

A

The Mass

54
Q

When was Jan Hus burnt?

A

1415

55
Q

By when had the Hussite movement splintered and corroded by?

A

1436

56
Q

What caused the splintering of the Hussite movement, and when?

A

5th July 1436 - Compact of Basle: reintegrated moderate Hussites and made non-doctrinal concession of communion in both kinds.

57
Q

When was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

A

1494

58
Q

What was the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas?

A

Divided newly discovered lands between Portugal and Spain, but was largely unacknowledged by all other countries

59
Q

When was the Italian War (pre-1500)?

A

1494-98

60
Q

Which two humanists had worked for the papacy?

A

Leon Alberti and Lorenzo Valla

61
Q

Who had exposed the Donation of Constantine, which had been the papal justification to secular power, as a forgery?

A

Lorenzo Valla

62
Q

What had been the papal justification to secular power, before being outed as a forgery?

A

Donation of Constantine

63
Q

Which humanist inspired Erasmus’ 1509 ‘In Praise of Folly’?

A

Faustino Perisauli

64
Q

What did humanist influence on reformists Luther, Zwingli and Calvin show?

A

The movement’s potency

65
Q

Who first did a ‘Jubilee Year’?

A

Pope Boniface XIII in 1300

66
Q

Why did Alexander VI celebrate 1500 as a ‘Jubilee Year’?

A

To attract pilgrims and sell indulgences

67
Q

How many political entities did the HRE consist of c.1500?

A

400+

68
Q

How many cities had populations 2000+?

A

6

69
Q

What did Germany have c.1500 that was the most developed in Europe?

A

Transport network

70
Q

Why did church revenues increase c.1500?

A

To pay for ‘papal pastimes’

71
Q

What does the humanist belief ‘ad fontes’ mean?

A

Back to the source

72
Q

What were the bribery circumstances of Pope Alexander VI’s (1492-1503) election?

A

Devalued gold in Italy during his election due to the amount he spent in bribes

73
Q

How was Pope Leo X (1513-21) corrupt?

A

Accumulated massive debts from rebuilding St. Peter’s Basilica

74
Q

What is an example of Pope Leo X’s nepotism (1513-21)?

A

Created 31 cardinals in one day, mostly family members, including two infant grandchildren

European Reformation (4 decks)

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