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AQA History The English Civil War 1625-1660 > The Protectorate > Flashcards

The Protectorate Flashcards

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1
Q

When was Cromwell made Lord Protector

A

16 December 1653

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2
Q

Give some powers of the Lord Protectorate

A

Chief executive and magistrate in England, Scotland and Ireland

Control of the militia and the navy

Power of war, peace + make treaties with foreign states

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3
Q

Give some limitations of the Lord Protectorate

A

Must call parliament when England goes to war

Must sign bills within 21 days, otherwise, bills automatically become law

No parliament to be dissolved within 5 months

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4
Q

How many members were in parliament under the Instrument of Goverment

A

460 - 30 each for Scotland and Ireland

As compared to 5 in N.A

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5
Q

Give some strengths of the Council of State

A

Chooses the Lord Protector’s successor after his death

Majority consent needed to go to war

Selects new members of the council of state from parliament’s nominees

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6
Q

Give two significant features about MP’s in parliament under Instrument of Gov

A

Royalists excluded unless proven their loyalty

Catholic and Irish rebels excluded

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7
Q

Give two significant features about the army under the Instrument of Gov

A

Annual provision for an Army of 30,000 men + a navy - of which Cromwell controls!

To cost £200,000 per year

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8
Q

Give two significant features about the church under the Instrument of Gov

A

Tithes to be preserved

Liberty of conscious - “none shall be compelled”

Liberty of worship for protestants who don’t disturb the peace

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9
Q

Who wrote the Instrument fo Government

A

General Lambert + issued by the Army council

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10
Q

When did the first Protectorate Parliament sit and what is significant about its end

A

3rd September 1654 - 22nd January

Dissolved as quickly as possible (after the 3 month minimum)

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11
Q

Give a major reason why the First Protectorate Parliament was dissolved

A

Cromwell was unhappy by repeated attempts by Parliament (Sir Arthur Hailsrig) to amend the terms of the instrument and to return executive power to Parliament

Critics of the Instrument became known as Commonwealthsmen - fairly republican

Cromwell was prepared to negotiate some terms of the Instrument (“circumstantial”) but there were 4 fundamentals that were non-negotiable

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12
Q

What were the 4 Fundamentals

A

The government must be by a single person + parliament

Parliament must not make itself perpetual. Lord Protector must maintain power to dissolve parliament as per the terms of the Instrument

Liberty of Conscience and religion

Control of the Army should be by the Lord Protector as well as the councils and state + parliament

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13
Q

What was the impact of the 4 Fundamentals

A

All MP’s required to swear an oath of recognition for these fundamentals. 8–100 resigned as a result

However, their exclusion didn’t stop criticism of Cromwell

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14
Q

What was the Goverment Bill put forward by the Commenwealthsmen in December (to amend the instrument)

A

Parliament to have the power to make constitutional amendments and choose Lord p’s successor

Parliament to give consent before war

Parliament to have the sovereign right to raise taxation - threatened the army’s existence

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15
Q

Why were the commonwealthsmen led by Sir Arthur Hailsrigh so opposed to Cromwell?

A

Sae his subsequent actions after the Rump’s dissolution as a dangerous drift towards arbitrary kingship

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16
Q

Other than Commonwelathsmen attempting to change the instrument why else did Cromwell dissolve the First Protectorate Parliament

A

“Godly reformation” was not preserved and instead it appeared that toleration would be narrowed - mainly due to the presbyterian majority in parliament

Electoral reform had led to a redistribution of constituencies and a shift of power away from towns and into counties. This made it more difficult to control Parliamentary business as county MP’s were a more dispersed and diverse group

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17
Q

What didn’t occur during the First Protectorate Parliament

A

Dissolved without a single piece of legislation being passed during its existence

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18
Q

After the DIssolution of the First Protectorate Parliament what 2 events made Cromwell decide to rule by Major Generals

A

Western Design

Penruddock Uprising

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19
Q

What was the Penruddock uprising

A

Planned royalist uprising in 1655

However, only a few took part (only 10 arrived at one of the planed RDV points)

Only remotely successful rising took place in Wiltshire under Jhon Penruddock

Held Sailsbiruy for a few hours before defeated by a small calvery force. Penruddock executed in May 1655

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20
Q

What was the Western Design

A

December 1654 - British Naval force sent to the West indies tasked with seizing Hati from the Spanish as the first step for securing the West Indies for Britain

However, the Spanish were able to repel the invading force which was a devastating blow for the overall strategy

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21
Q

What was the effect of the Western Design

A

Drove Cromwell into a crisis of confidence

First time God had refused the Protecteroate’s cause - national day of fasting and humiliation

Cromwell interpreted it as showing God’s displeasure in the form of reverse providence

22
Q

Which was more significant between Penrussock and Western Design in initiating RUle by major Generals

A

Western Design

Cromwell spent the latter part of his military career dependent upon God’s providence and owed all of his successes to God. To finally fail caused Cromwell to rethink how England was governed to win back God’s favour

Penruddock was utilised as a justification for his pre-determined decision to rule by major Generals

23
Q

How did Rule by Major Generals work

A

England divided into 11 districts - each under a Major General who was supported by 500 soldiers

Responsible for ensuring local magistrates were vigorous in crushing resurgent royalism and zealous in their pursuit of godly reformation

24
Q

Give a social reason why the Major General rule was unsuccessful/unpopular

A
  1. Undermined from the start in a country that had only recently overthrown the king in order to protect the privileges and liberty of parliament - only to suffer the dubious legality of martial rule
    - focal point for growing dissatisfaction

As an MP observed in 1659 “Any government is better than no government, and any civil is better than a military government”

25
Q

Give a financial reason why the Major General rule was unsuccessful/unpopular

A

Huge financial burden

Cost of maintaining a standing army of 500 troops per Major General added yet another fiscal burden on the already weighed down population

Decimation tax levied on Royalist estates in order to raise enough - removing 10% annual revenue. Contrary to the healing and settling Cromwell sought and did not raise enough money anyway

26
Q

By 1656, annual expenditure was exceeding income by £………

A

£230,000

27
Q

Give 3 reasons why major General Rule was unpopular/unsuccessful

A
  • Social dissatisfaction with martial rule
  • Financial burden
  • Extent to which the Major Generals enforced Godly reformation (Most significant)
28
Q

In terms of Cromwell’s aim of Godly reformation - give some successes for rule by major Generals

A

Moral Instruction order 1655 - restricted alcohol selling and closed gambling houses + theatres

Major Generals utilised the army to extreme effect - enforcing rigorous campaign in their districts, combatting drunkness, applying blasphemy laws and punishing indecent behaviour

HOWEVER - at the cost of social satisfaction. To the conservative majority, it created fear and fury that their traditions and pastimes were being eroded

29
Q

Give an example highlighting the extent to which Godly reformation caused social distress

A

Major General Worsley was so over-committed to Godly reformation (closing two hundred alehouses in a small section of district) that he had to be instructed to moderate himself due to his district being on the verge of revolt

Major General Whally achieved less in the way of godly reformation BUT helped keep social order without the need for harsh measures

30
Q

When and why did Cromwell call a Second Protectorate Parliament

A

September 1656

Major General dissatisfaction + could no longer finance the was which had resulted from the Western Design

31
Q

How did Cromwell influence the Second Protectorate Parliament

A

Cromwell and the Council of State excluded more than 100 MP’s - notably those who’d tended to oppose Cromwell’s measures in the First Protectorate Parliament

32
Q

Despite Cromwell being anti-catholic, what action did he take which highlights his commitment to liberty of conscious

A

John Southworth was executed for being a Jesuit in 1654 but Cromwell protested against his execution and arranged for his proper burial

The relationship between the Catholics was now one of peacekeeping and practicality

Catholics largely left alone

33
Q

Comwell believed in religious toleration, however, it was…………and………..by Palriament

A

Hindered

Restricted

34
Q

How was Cromwell’s liberty of Conscious directed towards Jews

A

Manasseh ben Israel petitioned for Jewish re-admittance inti England

Discussed at a conference in Dec 1655. Although it was rejected, Cromwell quietly made sure Jews were allowed back into England

35
Q

Give a counterpoint that Cromwell’s Jewish re-admittance wasn’t because of liberty of conscious but because of practicality

A

Cromwell’s desire rooted in Milleneriasm

Understood the bible to say that Jews needed to be converted to Christianity as part of the apocalyptic process.

For that, he needed them back in England

36
Q

What was the extent of religious toleration within the Protestant Sects

A

Very high

Most Protestant sects had defined their own understanding of what was orthodox and blasphemous

However, the Blaspmey legislation of 1648-50 provided the most legal up to date definition of Orthodoxy - which was more narrowly Preysbeterian than the prevailing climate of the Protectorate

Cromwell had managed to create a larger space for religious practice than was originally defined by the Blashmey legislation

37
Q

Which two religious cases threatened to upset the religious equilibrium of Protestant sects

A

John Biddle

James Nayler

38
Q

Who was John Biddle

A

A Socinian who published ‘A Twofold Catechism’ which outlined his Soconian beliefs and bought him into the attention of the distinctly conservative First protectorate Parliament

39
Q

What happened to Biddle

A

Arrested by FIrst Protectorate Parliament in line woth the Blashmey Act

Whilst under arrest - religious floodgate had been unleashed. Groups on the radical fringes began to gather together, prepared to defend themselves against what they saw as the new wave of toleration

40
Q

Was Cromwell religiously tolerant with Biddle

A

Yes

Despite acknowledging the legality of the Blasmphey Act, he acted in order to protect the ‘godly’ caught up in Parliament’s unfurling net

To end the Biddle Action he dissolved the First Protectorate Parliament, complaining that “Everyone desires to have liberty but none will give it”

Despatched Biddle to the Scilly isles - out of parliament’s reach

41
Q

Who was James Naylor and what was Parliament’s response

A

Chief catalyst behind the breakdown of the 2nd Protectorate Parliament

Former soldier and dedicated Quaker

1656 - rode into Bristol on a donkey in a dramatic re-enactment of Jesus’ triumphal entry into Jerusalem

Second Protectorate Parliament arrested him through the Blashmpey Act, and punished him by boring hole in tongue, flogging and sentencing him to life imprisonment

42
Q

What was the effect of the Nayler case in Cromwell

A

Personally found Nayler’s behaviour distasteful - saw Quakers as socially disruptive

However, the case demonstrated to Cromwell that the Instrument of Goverment did not provide enough protection to religious liberty and the conservative nature of the Parliamentary classes meant this liberty was perpetually under threat

43
Q

By early 1657 it was clear to Cromwell that the current constitutional experiment neither brought about the………………………………..that he knew was necessary for…………, nor enshrining………..of…………….

A

Healing and settling
Stability
Liberty of Conscious

44
Q

What was the Militia Bill

A

December 25th 1656

Major General Desborough chose the day to introduce Militia Bill - turn the Decimation tax from a temporary measure to a permanent one

The major generals were already unpopular but the Decimation tax was the high watermark for their unpopularity and pushed the growing polarity between civilians and military into the open

45
Q

What was the Humble Petition and Advice

A

Febuary 1657

Similar to what the 19 propositions had envisaged in 1642, establishing a limited monarchy

  • New definition of religious liberty and tolerance
  • Establishment of a national church with wide Concession of Faith
  • Reduction of COuncil of State to small group similar to privy Council
  • Creation of Upper Chamber
  • REINSTATEMENT FOR THE OFFICE OF THE MONARCH
46
Q

What was civilian reaction to the Humbel Petition and Advice

A

Sir Arthur Hailsrig led a faction of Republicans against it. Deeply opposed to the creation of an Upper Chamber

However, civilians - more conservative than army officers - supported it as would give Parliament greater power

47
Q

What was army reaction to the Humble Petition and Advice

A

Many in the army were opposed to the idea that Cromwell should be King

Desborough and Lambert threatened to resign in protest

48
Q

What was Cromwell’s reaction to the Petition

A

Rejected it’s offer of the crown it on 13th April after long consideration - sent back for another redraft

49
Q

Why did Cromwell reject the crown?

A
  • Perhaps because Cromwell could not reconcile being king with his Christian faith. He was anxious about providence that God might turn against him if he committed sins of pride and ambition
  • Or that the offer of the crown was intended to limit Cromwell’s power rather than extend it. As king, Cromwell’s power would be defined by precedent whereas as Lord protector - no historical conventions to limit his power.

Therefore, perhaps rejected it as it would have reduced his own power and made him unable to create the country he envisaged (Godly reformation)

50
Q

What happened when the Humble Petition and Advice was amended to remove the monarchy

A

Cromwell accepted it in June 1657

Invested as Lord Protector using St Edward’s Chair (previously used to enrol monarchs)

Presence of military reduced addressed as Your Highness and lived in Whitehall

AQA History The English Civil War 1625-1660 (10 decks)

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