1625 - 1629

Question 1

When was Charles king

Answer 1

1625 - at the age of 25

Question 2

Always had a……….accent, differentiating him from the English noblemen of the court

Answer 2

Scottish

Question 3

How was the Duke of Buckingham described Edward Coke

Answer 3

“The cause of all our miseries”

Question 4

What happened in 1624

Answer 4

Charles encouraged James to declare war on Spain and for Parliament to support that decision

Question 5

What was the Mansfield expedition

Answer 5

1624-25, Encouraged James to send an army to support Ernst Von Mansfield (a German Protestant) in his attempts to invade the Palatinate and win it back for Fredrick (James son in law)

The expedition failed, costing £500,000, and 4000 out of the 6000 died of disease and starvation, the rest never went into battle

Question 6

What was the Cadiz expedition

Answer 6

Charles + Buckingham decided to attack a significant Spanish port. The troops were mainly untrained. They found a huge wine store and got mortifyingly drunk.

Failed to capture the Spanish port or any Spanish ships, Parliament furious at the expensive failure

Question 7

What was the Île de Ré expedition (1627)

Answer 7

Of the 8000 soldiers, only 3000 returned

Duke of Buckingham launched another naval expedition to relieve the Huguenots (protestants in France) from attack by forces at Rochelle

England vs France (Spain + France = allies)

English lost as scaling ladders were too short, the fleet sailed home after an expensive debacle

Question 8

Give an example of Charles moving towards Armineasm

Answer 8

Charles promoting Laud to the archbishop, therefore a movement away from the religious balance shown during the reign of James

Question 9

When was Charles’s marriage to Henrietta Maria and how was it a failure

Answer 9

1625

The English expected France to cooperate with them and isolate Spain, however, France only acted within their own interests - refused to join alliance between English and Dutch and a number of English ships loaned to France were used to defeat the Huganouts

Marriage started with intense arguments

Alignment with France proved pointless when they made peace with Spain

Question 10

During the years 1624 - 1628,………..men had served in Buckingham’s forces and nearly a……of them died

Answer 10

50,000

Third

Question 11

High on Charles’s agenda in 1625 was an anti………..policy

How much was needed for this

Answer 11

Spanish

Under lots of financial pressure - needed £1 million

Question 12

What is tonnage and poundage

Answer 12

A tax on imports and exports

Since 1547, used to support the navy because of their role in patrolling the English seas

Normally confirmed just once at the beginning of a new reign, allowing the monarch to collect it for the duration

Question 13

Why did Parliament give Charles limited money in 1625

Answer 13

Mistrust in Charles’s foreign policy (disliked the influence of Buckingham). Only granted two subsidies worth £140,000 and one years right to collect tonnage and poundage (other monarchs had no limit on time to collect tonnage and poundage)

Question 14

Why was Parliament wary of Buckingham in 1625

Answer 14

Buckingham very influential over Charles and had shown himself to not just be politically over-dominant but also military incompetent

Also Buckingham = Lord High Admiral, highest naval officer - he was a direct beneficiary of the money raised by tonnage and poundage

Question 15

When was the forced loan and why did it happen

Answer 15

A voluntary gift of money subjected to the whole country, only used in times of emergency.
However in 1626, very few paid so he imposed a forced loan where all were liable to pay, to help him finance a war against France and Spain

Question 16

How was the forced loan imposed

Answer 16

All liable were summoned to public meetings where they were individually pressed to pay. The public manner of the collection made refusal to pay an open act of opposition, creating a test of loyalty

Question 17

Was there opposition to the Forced Loan

Answer 17

Yes, substantial amount such as by the Earl of Lincon urging people not to pay through a pamphlet however much of the opposition was anonymous

Question 18

What was and when were the 5 knights cases

Answer 18

1627

Charles ordered the imprisonment of 76 gentries and Earl of Lincoln who refused to pay the forced loan - did not charge them with any specific offence

Five of them appealed with Habeas Corpus

Charles had no choice but to take them to trial, shone a spotlight on the Consitution controversy around the king’s authority to raise a loan and to jail its opponents

A judgement supported Charles but only on this particular loan

Question 19

Who was Sir Robert Heaton and what did he do

Answer 19

Edited the judgement of the 5 knights cases to be more fully supportive of Charles to imprison people without good reason

Changed particular to the general right (falsified the document)

Question 20

Why did Charles favour Armineasm

Answer 20

Valued order, and hierarchy - interlinking with Divine Right

Question 21

When was the York House Conference

Answer 21

1626

Question 22

What was the York House Conference February 1626

Answer 22

At the request of Puritan (Earl of Warick), Buckingham chaired a theological debate at his London home.

A number of key Puritan nobles attended

Clergymen on both sides of the religious debate attended

Warick intended the conference to persuade Charles away from Armineasm, however, Charles who didn’t even want to attend remained in support of Armenisasm

Question 23

Was Buckingham religious

Answer 23

No, but in the heightened religious tensions of the mid-1620s he was becoming increasingly vulnerable to criticism as his mother was a catholic and he had close links to the Armenisasm clergy

In the York house conference, he took Charles side in support of Armenisams to reinforce his political relationship with him

Question 24

Who was Richard Montague

Answer 24

Armenian clergyman who wrote a very divisive book called ‘An old Gag for a New Goose’. - pointed out the similarities between Catholicism and the Church of England

His arrest by parliament in 1627 caused him to write a pamphlet titled ‘Appeal to Caesar’ pleading Charles to protect him against the evils of puritan beliefs

Question 25

How did Montague affect parliament

Answer 25

Parliament attempted to bring him to trial because of his religious writings in 1625 and renewed their attack in 1626 by affirming that he was guilty of religious doctrine and arrested him.

Moderate non-puritan Anglicans also resented Montague because he characterised all his opponents as Puritans

By pursuing Montague, Parliament was directly challenging the king’s religious beliefs and was the main reason Parliament was dissolved that summer

Question 26

Parliament blamed Buckingham for the foreign policy failure but Charles blamed Parliament for……………….

Give a quote from Charles to support this

Answer 26

Not giving him enough money

“Now that you have all things according to your wishes…you begin to set the dice and make your own game”

Question 27

What made Charles even more antagonistic towards the 1626 parliament

Answer 27

Despite his attempts to compromise by shifting towards an anti-French policy, MP’s launched an impeachment process aginst Buckingham

Question 28

What happened to Elliot and Digges after Buckingham’s impeachment process

Answer 28

Imprisoned in the Tower of London where he died in 1632

Question 29

How did Charles try to stop Buckingham’s impeachment 1626

Answer 29

Unidipolmatically - implied a threat to Parliament’s future existence in a statement which brimmed with Absaloutilsm.

Question 30

Why was it easy to argue that Charles was becoming more absolutist in 1626

Answer 30

His continued reliance on prerogative financial measures and the dissolution of Parliament in order to protect Buckingham and Montague

Question 31

What happened to Black Rod in 1629 when he came to inform Parliament that it had been dissolved and what MP’s do

Answer 31

Door slammed shut in his face - a devastating blow to royal authority

Several MP’s forced the speaker back into his seat so that Sir John Elliot could give 3 resolutions, condemning the king’s government. MP’s accepted this mid-scuffle and Elliot passed, what is effectively known as the Commons Protestation

Question 32

Why did Charles recall Parliament in 1628

Answer 32

Dire need of money to fund his foreign policy

Question 33

What peacemaking actions arose from both crown and Parliament in 1628

Answer 33

Charles allowed Sir John Coke to communicate directly with MP’s rather than himself - helped the Commons to feel he was respectful of their due process.

Buckingham demonstrated his willingness to be flexible by reconciling with old political enemies

The Commons offered 5 subsidies and a grant of tonnage and poundage, in return they expected the king to consider their grievances

Question 34

What financial grievances did Parliament want the king to address in 1628

Answer 34

Extra-Parlimentary taxation (ship money + tonnage and poundage)

Billeting - Troops preparing to leave for Europe were dispersed around local households, pay for them

Question 35

What legal grievances did Parliament want the king to address in 1628

Answer 35

Martial law = in order to stop billeted troops from going out of control. Local gentry feared that the king might permanently undermine the English legal system (cloak for the introduction of Abslaloutism)

Habeas Corpus = MP’s wanted to discuss the constitutional consequences of the 5 knights case in the new parliament

Question 36

What was the reaction to Heath’s editing of the judgement

Answer 36

MP’s across the political spectrum were horrified and united together in response

The Petition of Rights was put forward

Question 37

When was the Petition of Right

Answer 37

1628

Question 38

What did the Petition of Right make the king conform to - 4 ancient liberties traced back to the Magna Carta

Answer 38

1) - Subjects could be taxed only by Parliament’s consent
2) - Subjects could be imprisoned only if just cause was demonstrated in court
3) - The imposition of billeting on the population was illegal
4) - The imposition of martial law on the civilian population was illegal

Question 39

Why is the fact that the Petition of Right was able to be passed significant

Answer 39

It needed the support of both the Commons and the Lords

It is a mark to the extent to which Charles had alienated himself from his natural allies in the Lords that ultimately, they chose not to stand up for his prerogative Rights and instead gave their agreement to the Petition

Question 40

Why did Charles accept the Petition

Answer 40

Parliament threatened further proceedings against Buckingham and was again desperate for money

Petition = not that radical, just calling for the civil liberties of MP’s

Question 41

What were the consequences of the Petition

Answer 41

Although relatively conservative in its nature, swiftly evaporated any hope of trust between Crown and Parliament

Charles initially accepted the petition without using specific terminology to make it legally binding, financial needs eventually lead to its legal accent

Question 42

The Petition was intended to demonstrate that both King and Parliament shared a common……………of the……..and customs in England

Answer 42

Understanding

Laws

Question 43

When and where was Buckingham assassinated

Answer 43

August, 1628

Greyhound Inn, Portsmouth - stabbed in the chest by army guy who served in the Îld de Ré expedition and had been plunged into debt by delays in pay

Question 44

What were the reactions from the assassination

Answer 44

Spontaneous public celebrations erupted as the news spread

Caused Charles to abandon any ideas of a lavish funeral

Charles was shocked by the extent to the public celebration and felt personally betrayed by the apparent disloyalty of his subjects - distanced himself further from ordinary people

Question 45

Why did Charles hold parliament responsible for Buckingham’s death

Answer 45

Felton (the killer) said at his trial that he was inspired to action by June’s remonstrance

Question 46

What were the impacts of Buckingham’s death

Answer 46

He had amassed so many titles that it gave Charles an opportunity to relocate patronage to a wider circle

Charles and Henrietta fell deeply in love

Buckingham had acted as a convenient scapegoat for grievances in the past 10 years, increasing criticism would be levelled directly at Charles

Question 47

What issues remained in the 1629 Parliament

Answer 47

Tonnage and Poundage - The petition did not specifically mention the custom duties or tonnage and poundage. As a result, Charles had claimed he had not surrendered his rights to collect it. Took the blame away from the collecters but this opened himself to direct criticism from Parliament

Religion - Charles promoted Lord and Montagu to key bishoprics. Parliament worried that king was attracted by Catholicism and this attraction might grow

Question 48

When was the Protestation passed

Answer 48

1629 - Charles sent Black Rod to suspend Parliament but Sir John Elliott pinned down the speaker and called out 3 resolutions which were passed

Question 49

What was included in the Protestation

Answer 49

1) - Armineasm was to be seen as a traitorous act
2) - Anyone who recommends tonnage and poundage without Parliament is a traitor
3) Anyone who pays the Tonnage and Poundage is seen as an enemy