The Principles of Bio Molecules Flashcards
Define the term monomer
A small basic molecular unit that makes up a polymer e.g. amino acids and monosaccharides
Define the term polymer
A large complex molecule composed of long chains of monomers bonded/ linked together e.g. proteins and carbohydrates
Define the term macromolecules
A large complex molecule with a large molecular mass e.g. a protein or a lipid
Define the term dimer
A chemical compound composed of two identical or similar (not necessarily identical) monomers
Define the term oligomer
A polymer molecule consisting of a small number of monomers.
Define the term condensation reaction
A reaction between two molecules resulting in the formation of a larger molecule and realease of a water molecule.
Define the term hydrolysis reaction
The breakdown of a molecule into two smaller molecules, requiring the addition of a water molecule.
Define the term metabolism.
Cellular metabolism is the sum total of all the biochemical reactions taking place within a cell, including all the reaction involved in digesting food molecules.
Define the term catobolic reaction.
Reactions of metabolism that break molecules down into smaller units. These reactions release energy.
Define the term annabolic reaction
Reactions of metabolism that construct molecules from smaler units - these reactions require energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.
List the four main categories of biological molecule.
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates`- Building blocks
monosaccharide e.g. glucose, fructose, Ribose
Carbohydrates - name of dimer
Dissacharide e.g. sucrose, maltose, lactose
Carbohydrate - name of macromolecule
carbohydrates
Carbohydrate - Is the macromolecules a polymer?
Yes (because it would have lots of reapting units of monomer)
Carbohydrate - Name of the bond that links the building blocks together
Glycosidic bond
Carbohydate - name of reaction that joins the building blocks together
Condensation reaction
Carbohydrate - examples of functions of carbohydrate molecules
Glucose: energy source for respiration
Starch: energy store in plants
Glycogen: energy store in animals
Cellulose: structure and support in cell wall of plant cells
Chitin: structure and support in animals and fungi
Carbohydrate - elements that make up the molecules
Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
Lipids - Building blocks
Fatty acids and glycerol
Lipids - Name of the macromolecule
Lipid e.g triglyceride and phospholipid
Lipids - name of bond that links the building blocks together
Ester Bond
Lipids - name of the reaction that joins the building blocks together
Esterification (type of condensation reaction)
Lipids - Examples of functions
- Membrane formation and the creation of hydrophobic barriers
- Hormone production
- Electrical insulation which is necessary for electrical impulse transmission
- Water proofing
- Thermal insulation
- Cushioning to protect vital organs
- Buoyancy
Lipids - elements that make them up
Carbohydrate, hydrogen and oxygen (includes phosphorous in phospholipids)
Proteins - Building blocks
- amino acids
Proteins - name of dimer
Dipeptide
Proteins - name of macromolecule
Protein (polypeptide)
Proteins - name of bond that links building blocks
peptide covalent bond
Proteins - is the macromolecule a polymer
Yes
Proteins - name of reaction that joins building blocks together
Condensation reaction
Proteins - examples of functions
Globular protein - they regulate many of the processes such as chemical reactions, immunity and muscle contraction.
Fibourous proteins - involved in making structural stuff e.g. collagen for hair
Proteins - elements that make them up
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Explain why the principle of macromolecules being able to be deconstructed into building blocks which can then be reconstructed into different macromolecules is the basis for life as we know it.
Because you can make things and break things that are important to life.
Define the term single bond
A chemical bond to one pair of electrons
Define the term double bond
A chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.-
