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A level Biology xoyzq > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell. Has receptor molecules on it which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones.

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2
Q

Cell wall

A

Supports plant cells. Mainly made of cellulose.

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls the cell’s activities by controlling the transcription of DNA. DNA contains instructions to make proteins. The pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Surrounded by a nuclear envelope.

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4
Q

Nucleolus

A

Makes ribosomes

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5
Q

Lysosome

A

Contains digestive enzymes which are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the lysosome’s surrounding membrane. The enzymes can be used to digest invading cells or break down worn components of the cell.

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6
Q

Ribosome

A

Where proteins are made. Either floats free or attached to RER. Made of proteins and RNA. Not surrounded by a membrane.

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7
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes. A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space. Surface covered in ribosomes.

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8
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

Synthesises and processes lipids. A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space.

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9
Q

Vesicle

A

Transports substances in and out of the cell (via plasma membrane) and between organelles. Some formed at the Golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum, some formed at cell surface.

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10
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins. Also makes lysosomes.

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11
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Site of aerobic respiration, where ATP is produced.

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12
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

cells with a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

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13
Q

ultrastructure

A

the ultrastructure of a cell are the components which can be seen using an electron microscope

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14
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane which protects nucleus from damage in the cytoplasm. Contains nuclear pores which allow molecules to move into and out of the nucleus.

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15
Q

Centrioles

A

Composed of microtubules. Two centrioles = centrosome. Involved in the assembly and organisation of spindle fibres during cell division

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16
Q

Prokaryotic cells do NOT have

A 
ER
Golgi
Microtubules
Nucleus & nuclear envelope
Chromosomes
Cilia
Lysosomes
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17
Q

How do prokaryotic cells store DNA?

A

Prokaryotes only have one molecule of DNA (a chromosome) and this is CIRCULAR and NAKED (ie. no histone proteins)

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18
Q

Cell wall in Prokaryotes is made of

A

Peptidoglycan (aka murein)

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19
Q

The ribosomes in prokaryotes are

A

70S

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20
Q

What is the theory of endosymboisis?

A

that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally free-living prokaryotic cells

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21
Q

flow chart of the organelles involved in protein production and trafficking

A 
nucleus
> ribosomes
> rER
> golgi apparatus
> vesicles
> plasma membrane
22
Q

3 components of the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments/fibres
Microtubules

23
Q

Microfilament size

A

6-7 nm

24
Q

Intermediate fibres size

A

10nm

25
Q

Microtubule size

A

23nm

26
Q

Protein in microfilament

A

actin

27
Q

Protein in microtubule

A

tubulin

28
Q

cytokinesis is…

A

the process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides to form 2 daughter cells

29
Q

Function of microfilaments

A
  • cell movement
  • cell contraction during cytokinesis
  • phagocytosis (moving phagocyte cells)
30
Q

Function of microtubules

A
  • determine shape of cell
  • organelle movement (inc. vesicles)
  • cilia/flagella
  • centrioles for spindle fibres made from microtubules
31
Q

Function of intermediate fibres

A
  • give mechanical strength to cells
32
Q

Microtubules allow vesicles to move between the golgi and the plasma membrane during

A

protein production and trafficking

33
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

cells with no membrane bound nucleus or organelles

34
Q

examples of prokaryotic cells

A

bacteria eg. e.coli

35
Q

examples of eukaryotic cells

A

single celled eg. yeast, amoebea

multicellular eg. humans, oak trees

36
Q

transcription

A

the process of copying sections of DNA bas sequence to produce smaller molecules of mRNA

37
Q

what happens after mRNA is made/ transcription has taken place?

A

mRNA is transported out of the nucleus via the nuclear pores and attaches to a ribosome (either free or attached to rER)

38
Q

translation

A

the process by which the complimentary code carried by mRNA is decoded by tRNA into a sequence of amino acids (protein)

39
Q

the front of the golgi is called

A

the ‘cis face’ or ‘forming face’

40
Q

the back of the golgi is called

A

the ‘trans face’ or ‘maturing face’

41
Q

How & when are proteins packaged into transport vesicles?

A

After being made in the ribosomes, protein moves through the cisternae and is packaged into transport vesicles

42
Q

What happens to protein in the golgi apparatus?

A

proteins are structurally modified - carbohydrate ‘signals’ are added which bind to the receptor on target cells. This makes them complementary shapes

43
Q

when proteins leave the golgi through vesicles they either leave as… or …

A

secretory vesicles or become lysosomes

44
Q

exocytosis is

A

the transport of materials out of cells. Occurs when secretory vesicles containing modified protein fuses with the plasma membrane of a cell

45
Q

which cytoskeleton component is responsible for organelle movement?

A

microtubules

46
Q

which cytoskeleton component is responsible for cell movement?

A

microfilaments

47
Q

which cytoskeleton component makes spindle fibres for pulling chromosomes apart?

A

microtubules

48
Q

Name one cellular structure from the list below that is associated with the release of energy

A

mitochondria

49
Q

Name one cellular structure from the list below that is associated with the movement of cilia

A

cytoskeleton

50
Q

Name one cellular structure from the list below that is associated with the secretion of mucus

A

golgi (vesicle)

51
Q

Describe the functions of glycoproteins in the cell surface membrane. (5)

A

1 (acting as) antigens;
2 identification / recognition, (of cells) as, self / non-self / AW;
ACCEPT foreign for non-self
3 cell signalling / described;
4 receptor / binding site, for, hormone / (chemical) signal / (medicinal /
named) drugs;
5 ref. to receptor / binding site / trigger, on transport proteins / AW;
6 cell adhesion / to hold cells together (in a tissue);
7 attach to water molecules (to stabilise membrane / cell);

52
Q

Outline the sequence of events following the production of extracellular proteins that leads to their release from the cell. (3)

A

proteins moved to Golgi (apparatus / body);
processed / modified / AW;
e.g. carbohydrate group added
into vesicles;
(vesicle) moved to, plasma / cell surface, membrane;
(vesicles) fuse with membrane;
exocytosis;

A level Biology xoyzq (33 decks)

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