Diseases Flashcards
communicable disease
disease which can be passed from one organism to another
pathogen
disease causing
4 types of pathogen
bacteria, fungi, virus, protoctist
What are the two ways of classifying bacteria?
- Gram staining. Under LM either gram positive (purple-blue) or gram negative (red)
- by shape (ie. spherical, rod-shaped, spiral, comma etc.)
What is the general reproductive cycle of a virus?
- invade living cells
- genetic material of virus takes over host cell
- virus reproduces and makes more viruses
How can viruses damage their host tissues?
take over cell metabolism and insert viral DNA into host DNA, using the host cell to make new viruses. These burst out of the cell, destroy it, and infect other cells
What 4 plant diseases do I need to know about?
Ring rot
Black Sigatoka
Potato Blight
Tobacco mosaic virus
What type of pathogen causes Ring rot?
Bacteria
What type of pathogen causes Black Sigatoka?
Fungi
What type of pathogen causes Potato Blight?
Protoctist (fungus like)
What type of pathogen causes Tobacco mosaic virus?
Virus
What is the host species of Ring rot?
potato
tomato
aubergine
What is the host species of Black Sigatoka?
banana
What is the host species of Potato Blight?
potato
tomato
What is the host species of Tobacco mosaic virus?
tobacco plants tomato pepper cucumber etc.
What are the 7 animal diseases I have to know?
Tuberculosis Bacterial meningitis AIDS Influenza Malaria Ring worm Athlete’s foot
What type of pathogen causes Tuberculosis?
Bacteria
What type of pathogen causes Bacterial meningitis?
Bacteria
What type of pathogen causes AIDS?
Virus (HIV)
What type of pathogen causes Influenza?
Virus
What type of pathogen causes Malaria?
Protoctist
What type of pathogen causes Ring worm?
Fungi
What type of pathogen causes Athlete’s foot?
Fungi
What is the host species of Tuberculosis?
human cow pig badger deer
What is the host species of Bacterial meningitis?
humans (brain of very young children and teenagers)
What is the host species of AIDS?
humans
non-human primates
What is the host species of Influenza?
humans (young children
old people)
What is the host species of Malaria?
human
mosquito
What is the host species of Ring worm?
human
cattle
dogs
cats
What is the host species of Athlete’s foot?
human
Vector
carries pathogen from one organism to another (eg. insects or water)
Direct transmission vs indirect transmission
direct is where pathogen is transferred by:
- direct contact
- inoculation
- ingestion
indirect is where pathogen is transferred by:
- fomites
- droplet infection (inhalation)
- vectors
examples of direct transmission of disease (direct contact, inoculation, ingestion)
direct contact:
- kissing/ contact of bodily fluids (bacterial meningitis)
- direct skin-to-skin contact (ringworm, athlete’s foot)
- microorganisms from faeces transmitted on hands (diarrhoeal diseases)
inoculation:
- break in the skin - eg. during sex (HIV/AIDS)
- animal bite (rabies)
- puncture wound/sharing needles)
ingestion:
- eating contaminated food or touching mouth with dirty hands (amoebic dysentery, diarrhoeal diseases)
examples of indirect transmission of disease (fomites, droplet infection, vectors)
fomites:
- inanimate objects like bedding, cosmetics etc. (athlete’s foot, gas gangrene)
droplet infection:
- minute droplets of saliva and mucus are expelled from mouth as you talk, cough or sneeze (influenza, TB)
vectors:
- mosquitos (malaria)
- rat fleas (bubonic plague)
- water (diarrhoeal diseases, cholera)
What is the transmission method for Ring Rot?
.
What is the transmission method for Black Sigatoka?
.
What is the transmission method for Potato Blight?
.
What is the transmission method for Tobacco Mosaic Virus?
.
What is the transmission method for Malaria?
indirect transmission by vector (mosquitos)
What is the transmission method for Ring worm?
direct transmission by skin-to-skin contact
What is the transmission method for AIDS?
direct transmission by inoculation. Break in skin.
What is the transmission method for Tuberculosis?
indirect transmittion by droplet infection (inhalation). Droplets containing pathogens are breathed in by individuals
What is the transmission method for Athlete’s foot?
.
What is the transmission method for Bacterial meningitis?
.
What is the transmission method for Influenza?
.
Describe and explain 7 factors that affect the transmission of communicable diseases in animals
.
Describe and explain 6 factors that affect the transmission of communicable diseases in plants
.
State 3 examples of barriers to pathogens in plants
.
Describe the major difference between plants’ response to pathogens as compared to animals’ response to pathogens, and explain why this is a possible successful strategy for plants.
.
Describe 2 ways in which a plant cell can detect the presence of a pathogen
.
Name two molecules produced by plants to limit the spread of the pathogen
.
Describe the structure of callose
.
Describe 4 ways callose is used to limit the spread of a pathogen
.
List 6 different types of plant chemical defences, and for each describe their role and give examples
.
are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
prokaryotic
how is gram staining in bacteria useful?
the type of cell wall bacteria has affects how it interact with different antibiotics
diameter of virus
0.02-0.3um
how do viruses store their genetic information?
nucleic acid strand surrounded by protein
bacteriophages
viruses that attack bacteria
parasites
use people/animals as host organisms.
all viruses and pathogenic protoctista
are protoctists prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
eukaryotic
are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
eukaryotic
since fungi cannot photosynthesise, how do they get their food & nutrients?
secrete extracellular enzymes which digest food. Then the fungi absorb the nutrients
which type of fungi cause communicable diseases?
parasitic fungi (which feed on living plants and animals)
