The Preschool Years Flashcards
Cognitive Development
Piaget
children’s growth based on their cognitive ability to understand themselves and the world
Psychosocial
Erickson
each stage is a crisis that must be worked on - win a virtue
achievement of working out crisis allows further but
failed crisis -> continued problems
3-6 yrs: crisis=initiative vs guilt, relationship=fam, virtue=purpose, existential question=is it okay for me to do, move and act?
Psychosexual
Freud
our physical area of pleasure is the driver
phallic stage: 3-5 yrs
- becomes aware of differences between the sexes
- genitals are associated with pleasure - masturbation->guilt/anxiety
Oedipus complex and castration anxiety
5-6 - resolution: development of superego or conscience
Moral Development
Kohlberg Heinz dilemma (Stage 2 and 3) Level 1 - Preconventional - how can I avoid punishment? - what's in it for me? Level 2 - Conventional - how can a be a good girl/boy? - how best to keep the law? Level 3 - Postconventional - how can I achieve best for most? - how can I achieve justice for all?
Preschoolers
3-6 SOCIALIZATION independence, courage confronting and mastering new challenges accomplish tasks and start new ones grow 2-3 in/yr all 20 primary teeth by age 3 gain 4-5 lbs/yr sleep 11-13 hrs without nap
3 yrs - gross motor development
use large groups of muscles to sit, stand, walk, run, balance, change position
pedal a tricycle
walk up and down stairs one foot at a time
self-dressing with assistance/supervision
can work toys with buttons, levers and moving parts
puzzles with 3-4 pieces
block tower - 6 blocks
3 yrs - fine motor
gesell figures - circle
person - three parts
begin to use blunt-nosed scissors
turn thick book pages
3 yrs - cognitive
understands the meaning of two
make believe play with dolls and animals
3 yrs - language
can name most familiar things pronouns/prepositions used appropriately (we, me, you) understands in, on and under can say first name, age and sex can name a friend three-word sentences some plural words (all "s"s on the end) follow directions with 2 or 3 steps talks well enough that a stranger understands most of the time
3 yrs - social
copies adults shows concern for a crying friend takes turn in games understands mine, his and hers shows wide range of emotion separates man and woman fairly easily may get upset with major changes in routine
4 yrs - gross motor
steer a tricycle
hop on one foot for two seconds
balance on one foot for 5 seconds - later in the year
put clothes on properly
can catch a bounced ball most of the time
manage a fork and spoon and eat neatly
20/20 vision
4 yrs - fine motor
intersecting lines person - 2-4 body parts four and a half - square scissors - cut a straight line copies some capital letters
4 yrs - cognitively
count to four name four colors understand size relationships remembers parts of stories understands "same" and "different" can tell you what happens next in a book some simple card and board games
4 yrs - language
uses “she” and “he” mostly correctly, and some basic grammar rules
follow a three-step command
enjoy rhymes and word play
sing some simple songs from memory (“wheels on the bus”)
4 yrs - social
prefers to play with other children vs by themselves
more creative with make-believe play
cooperates with other children
*cannot always tell make-believe from reality
likes to play mom and dad
begins to play peer games with rules but rules change based on whim of dominant child
5 yrs gross motor
heel-toe walking
stand on one foot for 10 seconds or longer
hop, may be able to skip
swings and climbs
use a spoon and fork well and sometimes a knife
can use toilet on their own
likes to sing, dance, act things out physically
5 yrs fine motor
triangle
draw a person with 6 parts
spreading with a knife
can print some letters and numbers
5 yrs - cognitive
show early concepts of time count to ten knows telephone number names first and last name and address responds to "why" question can tell what's real and what's make-believe
5 yrs - language
speaks very clearly
tells a simple story with full sentences
uses future tense
5 yrs - social
wants to please and be like friends more likely to agree with rules aware of gender shows sympathy and concern toward others sometimes very cooperative and sometimes very demanding
Cognitive Development Stages
Sensorimotor - birth-2 yrs
- understands world through senses and actions
Preoperational - 2-7 yrs
- understands world through language and mental images
Concrete operational - 7-12 yrs
- understands world through logical thinking and categories
Formal operational - 12 years onward
- understands world through hypothetical thinking and scientific reasoning
Preschooler Cognitive Development
pre-operational - logic is not yet in place
understands cause and effect
egocentric - unable to imagine perspective of others (no theory of mind)
magical thinking:
- animism - stuffed animal is real, has feelings
- ex: I was bad, so daddy got cancer
body integrity - “my arm is broken, thus I am broken”
(what are their recovery questions?)
Preconventional
right and wrong determined by rewards/punishment
Stage 1: obedience
Stage 2: rewards (act in a way to be rewarded)
ex: he should steal it because he would be happier if he saves his wife
ex: he should not steal it because going to jail is worse
Conventional morality
Views of others matter, avoidance of blame, seeking approval
Stage 3 - good intentions
ex: he should steal it to be a good husband
ex: he should not steal it because stealing is wrong and he is good
Stage 4 - obedience to authority
I tell the truth because: I want teacher to think I’m good, I don’t want to get into trouble, just because
Postconventional morality
abstract notions of justice, rights of others can override laws
Stage 5 - difference between moral and legal right
Stage 6 - individual principles of conscience (takes account of likely views of everyone affected by a moral decision)
Teachable moments
what happened?
why was it wrong? why am I unhappy?
what will you do next time?
goodness of fit
how temperament and environment together can produce favorable outcomes
create environments that recognize each child’s temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning
Preschoolers love to learn
open and honest communication -> closeness
routines and responsibilities, rules and consequences
teach child to be independent but safe
learning how to be a good friend is important
