Infants/Toddlers Flashcards
9 characteristics from birth
activity level persistence distractability initial reaction adaptibility mood intensity sensitivity regularity
Alexander Thomas, Stella Chess
1950’s
infant temperment
9 characteristics from birth
self-soothing
3-4 mo
newborn
rooting, sucking, crying
moro reflex, grasping, head control
tracking
bonding, skin to skin
John Bowlby
attachment - relationship based on critical need, inc survival
“bonding” - doesn’t directly affect survival but has a profound
“mothers” - responsive to needs, sense of security
proximity-seeking behaviors
contact-maintaining behaviors (safe haven, safe base, separation distress)
Margaret Mahler
mother is an extension of the infant themself
separation individualation
Harlow’s Monkeys
1960s
rhesus babies taken from mother 6-12 hrs after birth
baby goes to mesh surrogate mother even compared to wire one that gives it food
strange behaviors later in life - rocking, aggression, atypical sexuality
“motherless mothers” - negligent or aggressive
caregiver = food, safety, warmth, love, affection
secure attachment
children - can separate from parent - seeks comfort from parent - return of parent met positively - prefers parents to strangers adults - have trusting, lasting relationships - trend towards good self-esteem - comfortable sharing feelings - seek out social support
Mary Ainsworth
worked with Bowlby
assessment of attachment
“strange situation” - 8 episodes
Jean Piaget
theory of intelligence - adaptation to one’s environment, balance between needs and demands
cognition moves us past action into symbolic though
schemes, assimilation, accommodation
sensorimotor period
birth to 2 years
0-1 mo
exercising reflexes:
reflex activity
sensorimotor
1-4 mo
primary circular reactions:
activities with own body repeated
coordination
4-8 mo
secondary circular reactions:
actions to make interests persist
involve events or actions
8-12 mo
coordination of sensory schemes:
combining schemes to obtain goal
(dangerous scheme)
12-18 mo
tertiary circular reactions:
trial and error
goal seeking for novel results
18-24 mo
intention of new means through mental combination:
representational thought begins
pre-operational period
2-7 years
acquire language and symbolic functions
Vygotsky
play promotes understanding and symbolic thought
sensorimotor play
banging objects
combining objects to create relationship
relational activities
symbolic or pretend play
information processing
habituation (focus) novelty preference memory reaction times anticipation of patterns problem solving
Hidden object stages
6 mo - retrieve partially hidden
9 mo - search for item totally hidden
2 yr - find toy displaced from original hiding place
object permanence
piaget, sensorimotor
differentiation of self from objects
see self as capable of intentional actions
realize that things continue to exist when no longer sensed
receptive communication - auditory acuity
from birth
- respond to a voice
- respond to/discriminate sounds
- localize a sound (from first 6 mo)
receptive communication - speech patterns
by 1 year
- rhythms of native language
- discriminate patterns of sound - melodies
receptive communication - comprehension
response to words and short phrases (by 9 mo)
50 words by first year
(ex: protodeclaritive pointing by 1 yr 4 mo)
expressive communications - early vocalizations
cooing - by 2 mo babbling - 3-4 mo 4-5 mo - vowels and consonants chains of sounds - 7-8 mo different syllables - 10 mo
expressive communication - speaking
speaking usually follows comprehension by 1 mo
objects by 1 yr
between 1-2 yrs, for ea new word produced, five new words are comprehended
at 50-100 words, begin two-word combos - by 2 yrs
by 3 yrs - simple sentences
expressive communication - gestures
nonverbal communication by 1 yr
language video examples
body parts - 1 yr 9 mo
counting - 2 yr 4 mo
clean up - 3 yr
opposites - 3 yr 2 mo
sensorimotor - first foods
negative experience, need to learn to coordinate eating
control of eye movements
focus and tracking, more rapid by 2-3 mo
gross to fine motor - reaching and grasping
pre-reaching declines between 1-4 mo
intentional reaching/grasping (whole hand) - 3-4 mo
successful reaching/transfer hands - by 5 mo
voluntary release - 6 mo
pincer grasp - by 1 yr
drawing - about 2 yrs?
gross motor milestones
rolling - 5 mo sitting - 6 mo cruising furniture - 7 mo crawling - 8 mo (and days later, pull to stand) first steps - 1 yr tricycle - 3 yrs
social-emotional - 3 mo
growing self-regulation and interest in the world
- can be comforted and direct attention
- sensory and emotional reactions organize
social-emotional - 5 mo
engage in relationships
- display positive emotion, engagement, satisfaction toward others
social-emotional - 9 mo
use emotions in interactive, purposeful manner
- communicate with others using motor acts
social-emotional - 14 mo
use a series of interactive emotional signals or gestures to communicate
social-emotional - 18 mo
use signals to solve problems
toilet readiness
1 yr 9 mo
social-emotional - 24 mo
use symbols or ideas to convey feelings
social-emotional - 30 mo
use symbols or ideas to convey more than basic needs
social-emotional - 42 mo
create logical bridges between emotions and ideas
video - pretend play
2+ yrs
video - empathy
3 yrs
Erik Erikson
Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs Shame
Trust vs Mistrust
infancy, 1-2 yrs
leads to virtue of hope
parental nurturing, primary event = feeding
sense of basic trust in world and ability to affect events around
- consistency of caregiving
- sense of securing when feeling threatened
failure -> lack of confidence in world and in self
Autonomy vs Shame
toddlerhood, 18 mo-2 or 3 yrs
leading to virtue of will
ability to do things independently, primary event = toilet training
sense of self-control, personal control over environment
- bodily functions, eating, play/toys, clothing
- feelings of secure confidence, separateness
failure -> feelings of inadequateness, self-doubt
