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crim and justice > The Practice of Policing and Policing and the Law (lec 5) > Flashcards

The Practice of Policing and Policing and the Law (lec 5) Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of patrols did police do until 1920, what was the updated kind of patrol?

A

preventative patrols
changed to
reactive patrols

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2
Q

what is the reactive approach? what is a belief of it? what do police do in downtime?

A

-Incident based policing

-belief: best method of apprehending suspects
-speed of response time

-When not responding to incident –preventative patrols

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3
Q

what are patrol officers seen as?

A

most visible component of entire criminal justice system

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4
Q

what is the typical role of patrol officers?

A

-routine observation
-Most activities – not crime related

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5
Q

what was a main criticism of reactive policing in the 1960’s?

A

Response time – weak measure of effectiveness

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6
Q

what is Management of Demand/ Differential Response?

A

Categorize calls
-Emergency vs. non-emergency

-Standard policy across Canada

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7
Q

what type of patrol was mainstay in the 19th and early 20th century

A

foot patrol

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8
Q

when and why did foot patrol disappear? reappear?

A

disappeared in 1920’s
-introduction of motor vehicle patrols

Reappearance – late 1970’s
-citizen complaints – lack of contact

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9
Q

what is Directed Patrol? what increased the use of it? what can it identify?

A

Orders – how to use patrol time

-Technological innovations –increase use

-Identifies crime patterns in specific areas

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10
Q

what new style of policing was introduced in 1970’s? what is the focus of this style?

A

Proactive Policing
engage in positive measures to control crime

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11
Q

what was a belief associated with proactive policing?

A

too much time spent on organization vs. crime problems
needed to be solved

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12
Q

what is the belief behind Hot Spots Patrol?

A

Crime – not random
-Few places
-Particular times
-Few offenders

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13
Q

what is a criticism of hot spot patrol?

A

Displacement effect: reduce crime – or force into other areas?

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14
Q

what are the 4 components of a Broken Windows Model?

A
  1. Neighbourhood disorder creates fear
  2. Neighbourhoods give out crime promoting signals
  3. Serious criminals move in
  4. Police need citizens cooperation
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15
Q

what is the idea behind the Broken Windows Model?

A

broken window = neighborhood not taken care of

broken window invites more crime

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16
Q

What is the focus of problem oriented policing introduced in 1979 by Herman Goldstein?

A

Focus: causes of crime

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17
Q

What are the 4 stages of the Problem Solving Process of problem oriented policing? AKA. SARA

A
  1. Scanning –identify issue
  2. Analysis – collect info
  3. Response – solutions implemented
  4. Assessment – effective?, change/new approach
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18
Q

What are the 3 goals of community policing?

A

-encourage public safety and confidence

-reduce citizens’ fear of crime

-encourage citizen involvement

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19
Q

What are the 3 aims of community policing?

A
  1. Community partnerships
  2. Organizational change
  3. Problem solving
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20
Q

what type of policing is Zero Tolerance Policing? What methods does it use?

A

New form of reactive policing

-Traditional law-enforcement methods
-Rigid “law and order”
-Police responsible – not all communities have ability to support
-hot spots

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21
Q

what is the zero tolerance policing approach based on?

A

Broken Windows approach

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22
Q

What is Predictive Policing?

A

strategy that develops + uses info and advanced analysis to inform crime prevention

23
Q

what are 5 elements of predictive policing?

A

-shared info among cjs

-Seeing patterns

-analysis and technology

-Linkage to performance

-Adapt to changing conditions

24
Q

when police make an arrest, why are certain legal requirements followed?

(protects 2 things)

A

Protect:
-from wrongful arrest
-Unreasonable search/seizure

25
Q

what does Section 8 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms state/protect with respect to search and seizure?

A

-Everyone has right to be secure against unreasonable search and seizure

-Protect “reasonable expectation of privacy”

26
Q

what is “Search” defined as?

A

intrusion of a government representative into individuals privacy

27
Q

what is “Seizure” defined as?

A

exercise of control by a government representative over individual and/or item

28
Q

what is interrogation?

A

-Questioning
-Gather information
-Usually in private

29
Q

why are interrogations videotaped?

A

ensure all rules/procedures followed

30
Q

what is the primary goal of custodial interrogation?

A

obtain confession from suspect

31
Q

what does section 7 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms state with respect to custodial interrogation?

A

-ppl cannot be deprived of basic rights unless it follows rules of basic justice (right to life, freediom, safety)

32
Q

what are 4 other goals of custodial interrogation?

A

-Obtain incriminating evidence
-Unearth stolen property
-whereabouts of accomplices
-Involvement in other crimes

33
Q

what are 3 Strategies to Obtain Information?

A

-Conditioning Strategy
-De-emphasizing Strategy
-Persuasion Strategy

34
Q

what is the focus of the conditioning strategy?

A

suspect is encouraged to think positively of the interrogator(s)
-cooperate with the authorities
-Lower anxiety
-increase trust

35
Q

what is the focus of the De-emphasizing strategy?

A

inform suspects that their rights are unimportant
-most important task: empathize with victims + families
-Suspect rarely thinks to contact lawyer

36
Q

what is the focus of the Persuasion strategy?

A

inform suspects if they don’t tell their side of story at
that time, only victim’s will be heard in trial

37
Q

what are 3 types of false confessions?

A

-Voluntary
-Coerced-Complaint
-Coerced Internalized

38
Q

what are Voluntary Confessions? why are 3 reasons they can occur?

A

Did not commit crime, but voluntarily confess

-Protect someone else
-Alibi for more serious crime
-Physical fear of actually guilty person

39
Q

what is a Coerced-Complaint confession? why do they occur?

A

Finally agree with police statements in
order to end uncomfortable situation

results from:
-intense custodial interrogation
-receiving benefit for confession

40
Q

what are Coerced Internalized confessions? what causes them?

A

Falsely recall criminal involvement
No involvement

cause:
-Anxious
-emotionally tired of interrogation

41
Q

what is a jailhouse informant?

A

-inmate, usually awaiting trial or sentencing -claims to have heard another prisoner make an admission about his case

42
Q

what is the benefit and downfall of jailhouse informants?

A

Potential benefit – more lenient sentencing

issues: false confessions

-US - estimated 20% of wrongful convictions utilization of jailhouse informants

43
Q

what did Manitoba’s Inquiry Regarding Thomas Sophonow find with respect to jailhouse informants?

6 points

A

-Skilled, believable liars

-Juries heavily rely on confessions from accused

-Juries trust confessions from jailhouse informants as much as from police officers

-Informants eager to testify, esp. in high-profile cases

-have info that only actual offender would know

-deception poses threat to fair trials and justice

44
Q

what is a Vetrovec Warning?

A

strong alert to jurors about risks of relying solely on witness’s evidence without additional information

45
Q

what is Police Misconduct?

A

police actions that go against
-legal authority
-official guidelines
-ethical standards

46
Q

what are the 3 categories of police misconduct?

A

-Occupational Deviancy
-Abuse of Authority
-Selective Enforcement of Laws

47
Q

what is Occupational Deviancy?

A

-criminal and non-criminal [behavior]
committed:

-during course of normal work activities

-committed under guise of the police officers authority

Examples: sleeping on duty, misuse of
firearms

48
Q

what is Selective Enforcement of Laws?

A

encountered in the lived experience of certain populations

routine incidents of misconduct reflect and
reinforce race, class and gender bias in a myriad of ways

49
Q

how do police departments categorize Problem Police Officers?

A

-Rotten Apples
-Pervasive but Unorganized Misconduct
-Pervasive and Organized Misconduct

50
Q

what are “rotten apples”?

A

Few problem officers

-llegal personal gain
-questionable behavior

51
Q

t/f arrest can occur with and without a warrent

A

true

52
Q

what is Pervasive and organized misconduct?

A

almost all of the members of police department involved in systemic, organized misconduct

53
Q

what is Pervasive but unorganized misconduct?

A

-majority of personnel engaged in questionable activities

-but cooperate little with one another

crim and justice (11 decks)

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