The Practice of Policing and Policing and the Law (lec 5) Flashcards by claire green

what kind of patrols did police do until 1920, what was the updated kind of patrol?

preventative patrols
changed to
reactive patrols

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what is the reactive approach? what is a belief of it? what do police do in downtime?

-Incident based policing

-belief: best method of apprehending suspects
-speed of response time

-When not responding to incident –preventative patrols

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what are patrol officers seen as?

most visible component of entire criminal justice system

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what is the typical role of patrol officers?

-routine observation
-Most activities – not crime related

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what was a main criticism of reactive policing in the 1960’s?

Response time – weak measure of effectiveness

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what is Management of Demand/ Differential Response?

Categorize calls
-Emergency vs. non-emergency

-Standard policy across Canada

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what type of patrol was mainstay in the 19th and early 20th century

foot patrol

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when and why did foot patrol disappear? reappear?

disappeared in 1920’s
-introduction of motor vehicle patrols

Reappearance – late 1970’s
-citizen complaints – lack of contact

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what is Directed Patrol? what increased the use of it? what can it identify?

Orders – how to use patrol time

-Technological innovations –increase use

-Identifies crime patterns in specific areas

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what new style of policing was introduced in 1970’s? what is the focus of this style?

Proactive Policing
engage in positive measures to control crime

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what was a belief associated with proactive policing?

too much time spent on organization vs. crime problems
needed to be solved

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what is the belief behind Hot Spots Patrol?

Crime – not random
-Few places
-Particular times
-Few offenders

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what is a criticism of hot spot patrol?

Displacement effect: reduce crime – or force into other areas?

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what are the 4 components of a Broken Windows Model?

Neighbourhood disorder creates fear
Neighbourhoods give out crime promoting signals
Serious criminals move in
Police need citizens cooperation

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what is the idea behind the Broken Windows Model?

broken window = neighborhood not taken care of

broken window invites more crime

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What is the focus of problem oriented policing introduced in 1979 by Herman Goldstein?

Focus: causes of crime

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What are the 4 stages of the Problem Solving Process of problem oriented policing? AKA. SARA

Scanning –identify issue
Analysis – collect info
Response – solutions implemented
Assessment – effective?, change/new approach

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What are the 3 goals of community policing?

-encourage public safety and confidence

-reduce citizens’ fear of crime

-encourage citizen involvement

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What are the 3 aims of community policing?

Community partnerships
Organizational change
Problem solving

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what type of policing is Zero Tolerance Policing? What methods does it use?

New form of reactive policing

-Traditional law-enforcement methods
-Rigid “law and order”
-Police responsible – not all communities have ability to support
-hot spots

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what is the zero tolerance policing approach based on?

Broken Windows approach

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What is Predictive Policing?

strategy that develops + uses info and advanced analysis to inform crime prevention

what are 5 elements of predictive policing?

-shared info among cjs

-Seeing patterns

-analysis and technology

-Linkage to performance

-Adapt to changing conditions

when police make an arrest, why are certain legal requirements followed?

(protects 2 things)

Protect:
-from wrongful arrest
-Unreasonable search/seizure

what does Section 8 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms state/protect with respect to search and seizure?

-Everyone has right to be secure against unreasonable search and seizure -Protect “reasonable expectation of privacy”

what is "Search" defined as?

**intrusion** of a government representative into individuals privacy

what is "Seizure" defined as?

exercise of **control** by a government representative over individual and/or item

what is interrogation?

-Questioning -Gather information -Usually in private

why are interrogations videotaped?

ensure all rules/procedures followed

what is the primary goal of custodial interrogation?

obtain confession from suspect

what does section 7 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms state with respect to custodial interrogation?

-ppl cannot be deprived of basic rights unless it follows rules of basic justice (right to life, freediom, safety)

what are 4 other goals of custodial interrogation?

-Obtain incriminating evidence -Unearth stolen property -whereabouts of accomplices -Involvement in other crimes

what are 3 Strategies to Obtain Information?

-Conditioning Strategy -De-emphasizing Strategy -Persuasion Strategy

what is the focus of the conditioning strategy?

suspect is encouraged to think positively of the interrogator(s) -cooperate with the authorities -Lower anxiety -increase trust

what is the focus of the De-emphasizing strategy?

inform suspects that their rights are unimportant -most important task: empathize with victims + families -Suspect rarely thinks to contact lawyer

what is the focus of the Persuasion strategy?

inform suspects if they don’t tell their side of story at that time, only victim’s will be heard in trial

what are 3 types of false confessions?

-Voluntary -Coerced-Complaint -Coerced Internalized

what are Voluntary Confessions? why are 3 reasons they can occur?

Did not commit crime, but voluntarily confess -Protect someone else -Alibi for more serious crime -Physical fear of actually guilty person

what is a Coerced-Complaint confession? why do they occur?

Finally agree with police statements in order to end uncomfortable situation results from: -intense custodial interrogation -receiving benefit for confession

what are Coerced Internalized confessions? what causes them?

Falsely recall criminal involvement **No involvement** cause: -Anxious -emotionally tired of interrogation

what is a jailhouse informant?

-inmate, usually awaiting trial or sentencing -claims to have heard another prisoner make an admission about his case

what is the benefit and downfall of jailhouse informants?

Potential benefit – more lenient sentencing issues: false confessions -US - estimated 20% of wrongful convictions utilization of jailhouse informants

what did Manitoba’s Inquiry Regarding Thomas Sophonow find with respect to jailhouse informants? | 6 points

-Skilled, believable liars -Juries heavily rely on confessions from accused -Juries trust confessions from jailhouse informants as much as from police officers -Informants eager to testify, esp. in high-profile cases -have info that only actual offender would know -deception poses threat to fair trials and justice

what is a Vetrovec Warning?

strong alert to jurors about risks of relying solely on witness's evidence without additional information

what is Police Misconduct?

police actions that go against -legal authority -official guidelines -ethical standards

what are the 3 categories of police misconduct?

-Occupational Deviancy -Abuse of Authority -Selective Enforcement of Laws

what is Occupational Deviancy?

-criminal and non-criminal [behavior] committed: -during course of normal work activities -committed under guise of the police officers authority Examples: sleeping on duty, misuse of firearms

what is Selective Enforcement of Laws?

encountered in the lived experience of certain populations routine incidents of misconduct reflect and reinforce race, class and gender bias in a myriad of ways

how do police departments categorize Problem Police Officers?

-Rotten Apples -Pervasive but Unorganized Misconduct -Pervasive and Organized Misconduct

what are "rotten apples"?

Few problem officers -llegal personal gain -questionable behavior

t/f arrest can occur with and without a warrent

true

what is Pervasive and **organized** misconduct?

almost all of the members of police department involved in systemic, organized misconduct

what is Pervasive but **unorganized** misconduct?

-majority of personnel engaged in questionable activities -but cooperate little with one another