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crim and justice > Crime Rates, Trends and Perceptions lec 4 > Flashcards

Crime Rates, Trends and Perceptions lec 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what issues do national crime statistics analyze?

A

-How much crime is occurring?
-crime increasing or decreasing?
-rate of violent crime?
-Which cities have the highest and lowest
rates of crime?

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2
Q

when are national crime statistics released?

A

annually in summer

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3
Q

how many Criminal Code incidents reported to police in 2017?

A

over 1.95 million

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4
Q

what TYPE of crime occurred the most according to police reported crime stats?

A

Property Crime - 61%

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5
Q

what is the CSI? when was in introduced and why?

A

crime severity index

2008

requested by police

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6
Q

what does the CSI measure? how does it measure?

A

seriousness of crime

Each offense given a weight, derived from sentences

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7
Q

what did the CSI see in 2017?

A

increase of 2%

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8
Q

what does Police Reported Crime Rate measure? what is crime rate mostly made up of?

A

measure volumes – equal weighting

Crime rate: high volume, less serious
offenses

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9
Q

what is the difference between the PRCR and CSI?

A

PRCR-measure volumes

CSI-measures seriousness of crime

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10
Q

what are some factors affecting Police Reported Crime Rates

A

Age structure of population
-15-24: high risk
-Over 50: low risk

Social and Economic Factors

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11
Q

how are shifts in inflation and crime related?

A

Shifts in inflation – associated with shifts in financially motivated crime

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12
Q

what is the UCR? when did it start? how can it be understood?

A

Uniform Crime Reporting System

1961

“what police say”

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13
Q

how does UCR classify crimes?

A

-Standard definitions of all offenses

-Classification of crimes through guidebook:
Uniform Crime Reporting Manual

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14
Q

1961-1988 how did statistics Canada get their info?

A

Police Depts. forwarded info to Statistics Canada

-monthly basis

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15
Q

Who has been responsible for collecting and reporting canadian crime statistics since 1982? How are they published?

A

-Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics

-Release crime statistics Bulletin: Juristat

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16
Q

for the first 27 yrs, and still used; what did UCR report on the basis of?

A

aggregated statistics

Number of:
-reported offenses
-actual offenses
-offenses cleared by charge
-adults/youth charged

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17
Q

what is NOT included in aggregated stats?

A

victim characteristics

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18
Q

What new system was introduced to UCR in 1988 ?

A

Incident Based UCR Survey: also known as UCR2

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19
Q

What was the key change in UCR2?

A

!-collected incident based data

-crime trends
-Info on victims
-Info on incident circumstances

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20
Q

what are 4 Criticisms of Police Generated Crime Statistics?

A
  1. Only crime known to police
  2. Only most serious crime reported (with exception of stalking) in series
  3. Crime total misrepresents crime rate
  4. Issues with recording of incidents (non- violent vs. violent offenses)
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21
Q

What is the number of crimes not reported to the police called? How can this be alleviated?

A

the dark figure

Alleviate? Victimization surveys

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22
Q

What is victimization data?

A

Asking about crimes not reported

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23
Q

what are 4 benefits of the victimization survey?

A
  1. Estimate unrecorded crime
  2. Explain why victims do not report crime
  3. Information on impact of crime
  4. Identify populations at risk
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24
Q

what are 2 Limitations regarding Victimization Surveys

A
  1. Underreporting to interviewers
    -Forgotten, seen as insignificant
  2. Response Bias
    -Underreporting is distributed unevenly
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25
Q

when were victimization surveys originally used in canada?

A

late 1970’s/early 1980’s

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26
Q

what was the first national victimization survey? who was it conducted by?

A

Canadian Urban Victimization Survey (CUVS)
Federal Government – urban centres

27
Q

What does the General Social Survey (GSS) represent?

A

Representative sample
-Canadians 15 or older
-10 provinces
-Non-institutionalized persons

28
Q

t/f the GSS was meant to replace the UCR

A

false, GSS meant to compliment UCR

29
Q

what are self-reported surveys? what do they measure? what do they examine? who is the focus for these surveys?

A

Ask directly about criminal involvement

Measures: attitude towards crime

Examines: relationship between crime and social variables

Focus on: youth, drug offenders

30
Q

what are violent crimes described as? what are 4 violent crimes? Which is most frequent?

A

“crimes against the person”

Homicide, sexual assault, assault, forcible confinement

Assault – most frequent

31
Q

what type of crimes make up majority of offenses? (61% in 2017)

A

property crime

32
Q

what crimes are property crimes? which is most common?

A

Theft under $5000, mischief, break and enter, fraud

Most common: theft under $5000

33
Q

what was the percentage of other criminal code offenses?

A

19%

34
Q

what group did Henry Fielding form in 1748? What was their purpose?

A

“Bow Street Runners”, in a sense; Professional law enforcement agents

duties:
Catch criminals
Recover stolen property

35
Q

what did the industrial revolution result in?

A

more social problems (crime, disorder)

36
Q

what did Sir Robert Peel pass in 1829?

A

London Metropolitan Police Act

37
Q

what is the concept of policing by public consent?

!!!

A

-need for police to have support of the public
-police act FOR citizens, not over them

38
Q

what are 4 principles of policing by public consent?

A

-Methods of policing – patrol by foot (small areas)

-Police powers – bound by rule of law

-Weaponry – minimum force

-Service to the public – service function, maintain/gain trust

39
Q

What did new france follow with respect to policing? where were permanent constables in 1833?

A

followed policing in France

constables – Quebec and Montreal

40
Q

what did Ontario municipalities follow with respect to policing? how many constables in toronto in 1835? what did they do?

A

English law enforcement

6 constables – police during the night

41
Q

who controlled western lands in 1873? where was the land from that they policed? what were they later renamed?

A

North-West Mounted Police

land purchased from Hudson’s Bay

Renamed RCMP

42
Q

what are the 3 levels of police today? at what level are majority of officers employed?

A

Municipal
Provincial
Federal

56% officers municipal agencies

43
Q

what percent of officers employed make up provincial agencies? what do they enforce?

A

17%

Enforce – criminal code and provincial statutes

44
Q

what are the 3 provincial police forces? who do other provinces and territories contract to?

A

Ontario, Quebec and Newfoundland

Other provinces and territories – contract to RCMP

45
Q

what percent of personnel make up the RCMP? What are their dutiues?

A

3.7%

Enforce – federal statutes
executive orders
Security for dignitaries

46
Q

historically, who were there significant barriers of employment to in policing?

A

women

visible minorities

47
Q

what happened in 1970 with respect to diversity in the police force?

A

Royal Commission on the Status of Women

Recommendation - all police organizations
train and hire women

Increasing number of visible minority
immigrants

48
Q

what did the Equality section of Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms guarantee?

A

Guaranteed – Full legal equality, fundamental rights
and freedoms

49
Q

what did the Equality section of Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms allow for with respect to employment? what was this a key factor in?

A

-employment equity programs
-key factor in changing police organizations

50
Q

what trend did we see overtime with respect to women officers?

A

Gradual increase of women officers

51
Q

What happened in June 1991 with respect to first nations policing?

A
  • First Nations Policing Policy
    -Greater control over policing
52
Q

what are the 2 options under the FNPP?

(first nations policing policy)

A

-Self administered police service
-Agreement with existing police force
(Community Tripartite Agreement)

53
Q

what is the concept of plural policing?

A

certain policing-style services provided by a number of different (or “fragmented”) agencies

54
Q

what are the 5 types of plural policing?

A

Policing by government
Policing through government
Policing about government
Policing beyond government
Policing below government

55
Q

what does each type of plural policing mean?

5 types

A

-by government – traditional approach

-through government – funded by government, delivered by agencies outside of police

-about government – transnational policing actions; international agencies

-beyond government – funded +delivered by private security organizations

-below government – community activities +self-policing

56
Q

what are the 7 basic values of police culture?

A
  1. Police = only real crime fighters
  2. No one else understands real nature of police work
  3. Loyalty to colleagues B.A.E
  4. impossible to win war against crime without bending rules
  5. Members of the public unsupportive + unreasonably demanding
  6. Masculinity based traits idealized
  7. Patrol work is the pits
57
Q

what are the 2 hallmarks of the police attitude?

A

-Cynical
-Pessimistic

58
Q

what is the difference between General vs System Cynicism?

A

General - people
System – organization

59
Q

what does the degree of cynicism depend in according to Niederhoffer?

A

age and experience

60
Q

what does the degree of cynicism based on age look like?

A

-New officers – less cynical

-First 7-10 years: steady increase

-Beyond: decrease

61
Q

Did the Canadian police reported crime rate increase,
decrease or remain stable/unchanged over the previous
year?

A

increase

62
Q

What was the national trend in 2023 for the CSI?

A

increase

63
Q

When looking at police reported crime, in what year (approx.) did crime peak?

A

1991

crim and justice (11 decks)

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