the posterior abdominal wall

Question 1

what bones make up the posterior abdominal wall

Answer 1

ribs 11 and 12
lumbar vertebrae
sacrum
Ilia

Question 2

musculature of posterior abdominal wall

Answer 2

diaphragm
quadrants lumborum
posts major (and minor)
Iliacus

Question 3

neurovascular of diaphragm

Answer 3

phrenic (C3-5) motor
intercostal (T5-11) and subcostal T12 Sensory
superior and inferior phrenic vessels

Question 4

what is the quadrates lumborum

Answer 4

lies posterior to kidneys
extends from iliac crest to rib 12
also attached laterally to transversus abdominis
provide abdominal stability and causes lateral flexion

Question 5

neuromuscular supply of QL

Answer 5

lumbar vessels

lumbar nerves T12-14

Question 6

What is the psoas muscles and iliacus

Answer 6

originate at lumbar vertebrae
iliacus originates in iliac fosa
maj and min converge inferiorly and known as iliopsoas
all insert at lesser trochanter femur and function as hip flexors

Question 7

what is the neuromuscular supply of the psoas and iliacus muscles

Answer 7

lumbar vessels

femoral L2-L4

Question 8

what are the major vessels of posterior abdominal wall

Answer 8

aorta enters abdomen at T12
IVC enters at T8
provision and drain blood from abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs

Question 9

what are the branches of the abdominal aorta

Answer 9

midline - coeliac T12, sup mes L1, Inf mes L3
Parietal - lumbar
visceral - renal and gonadal L2
bifurcates into common iliac vessels at L4/5

Question 10

Clinical considerations of abdominal aorta

Answer 10

abdominal aorta aneurysm - becomes distended with thin walls, may then rupture
>5.5cm

Question 11

somatic abdominal innervation

Answer 11

voluntary (skeletal)
abdominal wall, intercostal, vertebral and intervertebral musculature
sensation
skin

Question 12

autonomic abdominal innervation

Answer 12

unconscious control
blood vessels, sweat glands
abdominal organs (digestive tract to control peristalsis etc)

Question 13

what provides somatic innervation

Answer 13

nerve plexuses

lumbar and sacral

Question 14

what provides the autonomic innervation

Answer 14

unconscious control of organs, smooth muscle and sweat glands
symp and ps
splanchnic nerves heavily involved (adrenal glands and kidneys)

Question 15

what are the splanchnic nerves

Answer 15

purely autonomic nerves

synapse to postganglionic neurones at specific central ganglia - the prevertebral ganglia

Question 16

what are the prevertebral ganglia

Answer 16

located anterior to the vertebral column and aorta
pre meaning before
greater, lesser, least splanchnic nerves synapse at coeliac and aorticorenal ganglion to innervation suprarenal glands

Question 17

which splanchnic nerve innervates kidneys

Answer 17

least

Question 18

types of abdominal pain

Answer 18

somatic - well localised, sharp/stabbing, felt in skin, muscle, fascia and parietal peritoneum
visceral - poorly localised, dull ache or throbbing, caused by stretching, ischaemia or chemical damage
referred - elsewhere to affected structure

Question 19

what do dermatomes do

Answer 19

stomach - felt in skin of dermatomes T5-9
appendix - T10 (umbilicus)
gallbladder T7-9
-with parietal peritoneum C3,4