retroperitoneal organs of the posterior abdominal wall Flashcards
what is the retroperitoneal space
a space within the abdominopelvic cavity
posterior to the parietal peritoneum
what are primary and secondary retroperitoneal structures
primary develop retroperitoneally and secondary develop intraperitoneally and then become retroperitoneal
structures- PEAR DUCKS or SAD PUCKER
What are the retroperitoneal structures
Pancreas Esophagus Aorta and IVC Rectum Duodenum Ureter Colon Kidneys Suprarenal glands
what is the urinary system
produces and excretes urine
spans kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra
entirely retro and extraperitoneal (bladder and urethra extra)
where are the kidneys
located on posterior abdominal wall
span T12-L2
receive 20% CO
what do the kidneys do
regulate blood - ionic composition, pH, volume, pressure
hormone production (eg calcitriol)
excrete waste
What is the internal anatomy of the kidney
two regions
cortex (outer)- glommerulus
medulla (inner)- collecting ducts
renal pyramid, renal sinus, renal capsule (CT surrounding kidney), renal column (tissue between pyramids)
how does blood pass the kidneys
filtered at glomerulus
selective absorption of ions and water
urine passed into ureters
anatomy of ureter into kidneys
ureter to renal hilum (passageway for vessels and ureter) to major calyx (formed from coming together of minor calyces, 2/3) minor calyx (collects urine from pyramids) renal pelvis, coming together of major calices
how are the kidneys imaged
axial - either side of spine
contrast radiography, CT, MRI (due to soft tissues)
what causes renal pain
stretching capsule, due to inc internal pressure
spasm of smooth muscle of renal pelvis
renal pain referred to cutaneous area of T12 - territory of subcostal nerve
how does a renal transplant occur
fairly common
implanted kidney inserted into iliac fossa, accessed via incision over and parallel to inguinal ligament
vessels than anastomosed
ureterocystostomy straight into bladder
how are the vessels anastomosed in kidney transplant
renal artery to external iliac artery
renal vein to external iliac vein
vital to tag vessels
how are kidneys malformed
most prevalent organ to suffer this bilateral/unilateral renal agenesis supernumerary kidneys renal fusion ectopic kidney simple/polycystic kidney
how are kidney stones seen
plain film radiographs
highlight them as soft tissue of ureter not visible on x rays
or CT urography (CT utilising contrast medium to highlight the urine production and excretion)
what are the supra/adrenal glands
supra - above
separate from kidneys in own fascial compartment
right - pyramidal
left - half moon (semi lunar)
internal anatomy of the suprarenal glands
cortex corticosteroids sex hormones medulla adrenaline
neuromuscular supply of suprarenal glands
sup, mid, inf suprarenal arteries
suprarenal veins
abdominopelvic nerves (greater, less, least)
what are the ureters
muscular tubes to convey urine to the bladder
relevant - kidney stones
why do kidney stones effect ureters
calculi become lodged in ureter to stop urine flow
3 narrowest points are pelviureteric junction, crossing iliac vessels/pelvic brim, entering bladder
cause of renal colic
pain caused by peristaltic movement of ureters trying to move stone
generally in waves but can also be felt on skin
how are kidney stones treated
shockwave lithotripsy
what is the bladder
distensible muscular sac with is a reservoir for urine
what is the urethra
muscular duct conveying urine from bladder to external environment
length differs between males and females, reproductive purpose in males
