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HLB > The Pleura and Lungs > Flashcards

The Pleura and Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Abbreviation for layers of thorax and label the diagram below.

A

SSDMEPPV

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2
Q

Pleura definition

A

serous membrane that lines the pulmonary cavity and invests the lungs; parietal pleura and visceral pleura

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3
Q

pleural cavity definition

A

potential space between the layers of pleura

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4
Q

Parietal pleura lines the

A

pulmonary cavities

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5
Q

Visceral pleura lines the

A

invests/envelops the parenchyma each lung

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6
Q

What are the 4 parts of the parietal pleura?

A
  • costal part - thoracic wall
  • mediastinal part - mediastinum
  • diaphragmatic part - superior surface of the diagram
  • cervical pleura - lung apex
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7
Q

Costal part of parietal pleura is associated with the —— part of the thoracic wall.

A

anteriolateral

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8
Q

The cervical pleura sits at the

A

root of the neck and extends above the first rib (cervical vertebrae at the base of the neck

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9
Q

Pleural reflections

A

change in direction of pleura from one wall of pleural cavity to another:

  • sternal reflection = anteriorly, costal parietal pleura becomes mediastinal part
  • costal reflection = costal part becomes diaphragmatic part, an inferior reflection
  • vertebral reflection = posteriorly, costal parietal pleura becomes mediastinal part

all parts are present on both left and right lungs

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10
Q

Pleural Recesses

A

slightly expanded pleural reflection

larger pleural spaces, allow for lung expansion in forced inspiration:

  • costodiaphragmatic recess:
  • costomediastinal recess
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11
Q

Costomediastinal recess

A

at costal and sternal reflection, on left hand side, greater change in direction as we have to go around the mediastinum

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12
Q

Costodiaphragmatic/ costophrenic recess

A

most inferior recess of costal reflection, costal part becomes diaphragmatic part, lungs expand when we inhale, so fill the space inferiorly.

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13
Q

Clinically importance of costodiaphragmatic recess

A

normally a sharp angle
if blunting of angle occurs, generally excess fluid in pleural recess, indicative of a pathology

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14
Q

How many secondary/lobar bronchi on the left?

A

2

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15
Q

How many secondary/lobar bronchi on the right?

A

3

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16
Q

Right main bronchus is short, wide and travels more vertically.

True or False?

A

True

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17
Q

Left main bronchus is long, narrow, inferolateral.

True or False?

A

True

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18
Q

Any inhaled foreign body is more likely to pass through the right main bronchus because

A

Wider and more vertical, hence a clearer continuation of the trachea

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19
Q

How many lobar bronchi are there?

A

5
One bronchi going to each lobe of the lung
2 left
3 right

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20
Q

Terminal bronchioles further divide into

A

respiratory bronchioles

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21
Q

Respiratory bronchioles further divide into

A

alveolar ducts and sac, which further divide into alveoli

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22
Q

How many alveolar ducts per respiratory bronchioles?

A

2-11

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23
Q

How many alveolar sacs per alveolar duct?

A

5-6 sacs

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24
Q

How many alveoli in the lungs?

A

300 million alveoli per lung

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25
Q

Location of the lungs

A

within respective pulmonary cavity, surrounded by visceral pleura

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26
Q

List the features of lungs (6):

A
  • apex
  • base
  • lobes
  • fissures
  • surfaces
  • borders
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27
Q

Apex of the lung:

A

covered by cervical pleura, extends into the root of the neck

apex of the lung is the superior peak; not always the case like the heart

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28
Q

Base of the lung:

A

Lays on each hemi-diaphragm
Opposite the apex

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29
Q

Lobes of the lung:

A

superior, middle (right only), inferior

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30
Q

Fissures of the lung:

A

oblique (both), horizontal (right only)

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31
Q

Surfaces of the lung:

A

Costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal

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32
Q

Borders of the lung:

A

anterior, posterior and inferior

Change in direction in surface of the lung

33
Q

Left lung features:

A

Lingula = little tongue like projection (posterior)
Cardiac notch = covers the heart/ middle mediastinum
Lobes = superior and inferior
Fissures = oblique fissure, higher posteriorly than anteriorly, separates superior and inferior lobe
Surfaces = costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal
Borders= anterior, inferior, posterior

34
Q

Diagram of left lung:

A
35
Q

Right Lung features

A

Lobes = superior, middle, inferior
Fissures = oblique fissure in same orientation as left lung, horizontal fissure divides superior and middle lobes
Surfaces = mediastinal, costal, diaphragmatic
Borders = anterior, posterior, inferior

36
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments:

A
  • pyramidal shaped segments
  • apices faces root (medially), base faces pleural surface (externally/superficially)
  • 10 in right lung
  • 8-10 in the left lung
  • named after segmental/tertiary bronchus
37
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments diagram

A

insert

38
Q

serous membrane develops from what embryological structure?

A

lateral plate mesoderm

39
Q

The cervical pleura is inferior to the clavicle.

True or False?

A

False

Cervical pleura is 2/3 cm superior to 1/3 of the medial clavicle or 3-4cm above the first costal cartilage

40
Q
A
41
Q
A
42
Q

Root (lungs):

A

all structures collectively entering and exiting the hilum of the lung

43
Q

Hilum

A

wedge shaped depression where those structures enter and exit

44
Q

Root of the left lung:

A
  • pulmonary artery
  • superior pulmonary vein
  • inferior pulmonary vein
  • Bronchial artery x2
  • Bronchial Vein
  • Main bronchus
  • Pulmonary plexus
  • Lymphatic vessels
45
Q

Root of the right lung:

A
  • pulmonary artery
  • superior pulmonary vein
  • inferior pulmonary vein
  • bronchia artery x3
  • bronchial vein
  • pulmonary plexus
  • lymphatic vessels
46
Q

General organisation of the root of lung diagram:

A
47
Q

Hilum of the left lung diagram:

A
  • pulmonary artery sits higher than the main bronchus
48
Q

Hilum of the right lung diagram and deviation from general organisation:

A

-

49
Q

Hilum features ( & root of lung):

A

Pleural Sleeve: reflection from parietal to visceral pleura, surrounding the root of the lung

Pulmonary ligament: inferior continuation of the pleural sleeve

50
Q

What is the green and red label?

A

bit that hangs down is pulmonary ligament

51
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

supplies the lung parenchyma, involved in gas exchange

oxygenated and deoxygenated switched around out

Low pressure system

52
Q

Bronchial circulation

A

supplies the tracheobronchial tree till respiratory bronchioles, root of lung, supporting lung tissue, visceral pleura

systemic system, follows normal oxygenated and deoxygenated, higher pressure

53
Q

Pulmonary arteries are (2)

A

right and left

54
Q

pulmonary veins are (4) and drain into

A

right superior
right inferior
left superior
left inferior

  • bronchopulmonary segment veins merge and eventually form pulmonary veins which drain into the left atrium of the heart
55
Q

Pulmonary circulatory system diagram

A
56
Q

Bronchial arteries arise from

A

2 on the left
1 on the right

arise directly from the thoracic aorta on left

arise as a single trunk with the left superior bronchial artery or can branch off the right third posterior intercostal artery

57
Q

Bronchial veins drain

A

Right and Left

Right vein drains into azygous vein

Left bronchial vein drains into accessory hemiazygous vein

all drains into azygous, which drains into the superior vena cava at bifurcation of trachea sternal angle

58
Q

Bronchial circulation diagram:

A
59
Q

Bronchial circulation diagram:

A
60
Q

Innervatiion of parietal pleura is —– and therefore

A

somatic
Sensory supply to parietal pleura: left and right phrenic nerves, C3-C5, intercostal nerves

61
Q

Innervation of visceral pleura, which ——–, hence —– and therefore ——

A
  • visceral
  • sensory supply to visceral pleura: sympathetic trunk T2-T6
62
Q

Innervation of lungs are ——- afferents and ——-

A

visceral afferents and autonomic

63
Q

Mixed signals of sympathetic and parasympathetic travel to and fro from lungs via a

A

plexus

64
Q

Pulmonary Plexus (mixed) innervation LUNGS

A

Sensory supply: Vagus nerve (parasympathetic pathway) C10

Somatic nervous system: Sympathetic Trunk T2-T6

Parasympathetic Nervous System: Vagus nerve C10

65
Q

what dermatomes for referred parietal pleura pain

A

C3-C5; cervical and shoulder

66
Q

Innervation of any serous membrane lining viscera will have same innervation

A

as viscera it is lining

67
Q

Innervation diagram:

A
68
Q

Last card about dermatome confusion pain

A

complete

69
Q
A
70
Q
A
71
Q
A
72
Q
A
73
Q
A
74
Q
A
75
Q
A
76
Q

Right lung:

A
77
Q
A
78
Q
A

HLB (49 decks)

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