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Fundamentals of Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Vasoactive

A

acts on blood vessels

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2
Q

SaO2

A

oxygen saturation

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3
Q

Q

A

cardiac output

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4
Q

DO2

A

oxygen delivery

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5
Q

basic circulation

A
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6
Q

Where is blood flow pulsatile?

A

In the aorta and large arteries; pressure variation due to systole and diastole of the heart

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7
Q

Where is blood flow laminar?

A

In the capillaries and veins, pressure is constant

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8
Q

blood flow and pressure

A
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9
Q

Rate of blood flow is constant at all levels of circulation.

True or False? Why?

A

True because circulation is continuous.

Rate of blood flow in the aorta is equal to the sum of the rates of blood flow in all of the arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins.

V = Q/A = flow/ cross-sectional area

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10
Q

diagram blood flow, velocity and cross-sectional area; what does it show?

A

velocity is inversely proportional to cross-sectional area

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11
Q

Where is cross-sectional area the greatest (vessels in circulatory system)?

A

Capillaries

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12
Q

Why is velocity slowest in the capillaries?

A

V =Q/A

cross - sectional area is greatest in the capillaries, hence velocity is the slowest there

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13
Q

Velocity of blood flow in any point in circulation is proportional to the cross-sectional area.

True or False?

A

False

Inversely proportional

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14
Q

Functions of the Circulatory System (5)(4):

A
  • Transport of:
    • O2 from lungs to tissues
    • CO2 from tissues to lungs
    • Metabolic waster from tissues to liver &
      kidneys
  • Distribution of nutrients from gut & liver
  • Distribution of body water & electrolytes between compartments
  • Transport of hormones & immunologically active substances
  • Assisting in thermoregulation
    • redistribution of heat from core to skin
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15
Q

hormone defintion

A

molecule secreted by an endocrine gland and acts on target cells, transported through blood

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16
Q

Structure of heart

A
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17
Q

Blood circulation diagram with valves

A
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18
Q

circulatory pressures diagram labels

A
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19
Q

circulatory pressures diagram draw line

A

insert

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20
Q

Typical cardiac pressures diagram

A
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21
Q

Why is the pressure in the left ventricle and aorta the same for systole (100-140mmHg)?

A

The aortic semi lunar valve is open in systole

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22
Q

Why is the systolic pressure in the right ventricle the same as the systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery? (15-30mmHg)

A

The pulmonary semi lunar valve is open in systole

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23
Q

Why is diastolic pressure in left atrium similar to diastolic pressure in the left ventricle? (2-10mmHg/3-12mmHg)

A

The mitral/bicuspid valve is open during diastole

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24
Q

Why is diastolic pressure in the right atrium and right ventricle the same? (2-8mmHg)

A

The tricuspid valve is open

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25
Q

Which organ gets the highest percentage of cardiac output?

A

Lungs get 100% of cardiac output

26
Q

Blood Volumes:
- Venous System :
- Arterial System :
- Pulmonary Vessels:
- Cardiac Chambers:
- Capillaries:

A
  • Venous System: 65%
  • Arterial System : 15%
  • Pulmonary Vessels: 10%
  • Cardiac Chambers: 5%
  • Capillaries: 5%
27
Q

Percentage division for blood in pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation?

A
  • pulmonary: 9%
  • systemic: 64%
28
Q

table with arteries in systemic and pulmonary

A
  • pressure in the systemic circulation is higher so walls are thicker
29
Q

arterioles in systemic vs pulmonary circulation

30
Q

Arterioles in systemic circulation response to low oxygen. Why?

A

Vasodilation

One organ has a low oxygen and therefore demands oxygen, hence arterioles dilate to increase blood flow to increase oxygen concentration in the hypoxic organ

31
Q

Arterioles in pulmonary circulation response to low oxygen. Why?

A

Vasoconstriction

In pulmonary circulation response vasoconstriction of arterioles to decrease blood supply to hypoxic tissue in the lung; as no point in sending blood for oxygenation to a part of the lung with no oxygen!!! Bypassing the area

32
Q

Arterioles lumen is small is in systemic circulation because

A

needs to lower pressure from the arteries, allowing sufficient time for gas exchange occur.

33
Q

veins table in systemic and pulmonary

34
Q

capillaries table in systemic and pulmonary

35
Q

Where does the blood go?

36
Q

Autoregulation

A
  • maintains relatively constant flow over a wide range of blood pressures: multiple mechanisms, vary from organ to organ
37
Q

Describe the red line, blue line & green line

A
  • red line = blood flow directly proportional to blood pressure, would occur in a purely passive system
  • green line is auto regulation
  • blue line is wide range of blood pressures which must be maintained
38
Q

State the Blood Flow Control Mechanisms (5):

A
  • metabolic demand
  • myogenic response
  • local vasoactive mediators
  • autonomic nervous system
  • hormones
39
Q

Which of the five blood flow control mechanisms are external controls?

A
  • autonomic nervous system
  • hormones
40
Q

Blood Flow Control Mechanisms: Metabolic Demand:

A
  • low O2, high CO2, low pH cause vasodilation, increase in blood flow
41
Q

Blood Flow Control Mechanisms: Myogenic Response:

A
  • arteriolar smooth muscle contraction in response to stretch?

Complete

42
Q

Blood Flow Control Mechanisms: Local Vasoactive Mediators:

A
  • vasodilators: adenosine, NO
  • vasoconstrictors: endothelin
43
Q

Blood Flow Control Mechanisms: Autonomic Nervous System:

A
  • basal sympathetic tone and responses
44
Q

Blood Flow Control Mechanisms: Hormones:

A
  • adrenaline
  • angiotensin II
45
Q

Splanchnic Circulation

A
  • portal system
  • 2 sets of capillaries in series
  • venous blood from the GI tract contains nutrients
  • taken to the liver for processing
  • at rest contains 25% of cardiac output, which can increase greatly after a large meal
46
Q

Renal Circulation

A
  • 1% of body weight but 20% of cardiac output
  • constriction of afferent or efferent arteriole increases overall resistance & reduces renal flow
  • constriction of afferent arteriole decreases GFR: glomerular filtration rate
  • constriction of efferent arteriole increases GFR
47
Q

Renal Blood Flow is controlled by

A
  • autoregulation
  • renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  • Tubulo-glomerular feedback
48
Q

Renal Autoregulation:

A
  • Renal Blood Flow and GFR (glomerular filtration rate) are maintained over a wide range of blood pressures
  • occurs in denervated and isolated perfused kidneys:
    • myogenic
    • metabolic
49
Q

Renal autoregulation

50
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

51
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

A

insert diagram

52
Q

Cerebral Circulation

A
  • brain is 2% of the body weight but always takes 15% of max cardiac output eg: fixed volume
  • 20% of oxygen consumption
  • autoregulation maintains constant flow for mean arterial pressures 60-150mmHg
  • the main controls are tissue pH and tissue PaCO2: low pH and high CO2 levels increases blood flow to wash out H+ and excess CO2
  • oxygen is a weaker controller; flow only increases when PaO2 is very low
53
Q

Cerebral Flow autoregulation numbers

54
Q

Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow:

A
  • 40% of body weight
  • low blood flow at rest due to basal alpha 1 vasoconstriction
  • can increase by 50x during extreme exertion: arteriolar dilation
  • Main control is vasodilation due to tissue hypoxia (low PaO2)
  • Also: high CO2, low pH, high K+
  • local mediators: adenosine, NO
  • sympathetic nervous system (beta 2 vasodilation)
55
Q

Skin Circulation

A
  • skin acts as a heat exchanger: blood flow adjusted to keep core temperature at 37C
  • flow controlled by: arteriolar constriction, arteriovenous anastomoses that bypass capillary beds
  • control via:
    • sympathetic nervous system
    • skin ambient temperature receptors
    • NO local metabolic control
56
Q

Ischaemia

A
  • blood flow to a part of the body is inadequate to meet the metabolic demands of the tissue: O2,nutrients, removal of waste products like CO2
  • may affect any organ
57
Q

Oxygen delivery equation

58
Q

3 Clinical Syndromes of Heart Failure:

A
  • chronic heart failure; peripheral oedema
  • acute heart failure; pulmonary oedema
  • cardiogenic shock; low BP (<90mmHg)
59
Q

Chronic Heart Failure

A
  • chronic tissue ischaemia:
    • muscle fatigue
    • impaired kidney function
  • stagnant hypoxia
60
Q

Acute Heart Failure

A
  • Fluid in the alveoli, reduced O2 transfer
    • acute breathlessness
  • hypoxic hypoxia
61
Q

Cardiogenic Shock

A
  • acute very low cardiac output:
    • cold peripheries/sweating
    • confusion
    • low urine output
    • tissue acidosis
  • stagnant hypoxia

HLB (49 decks)

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