Fundamentals of Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards
Respiratory tract is divided into the
upper and lower division
Upper division of the respiratory tract comprises of(3):
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx superior to vocal cords
Respiratory system cavities diagram.
The pharynx is located:
- continuous with oesophagus inferiorly
- posterior to nasal cavity
- posterior to oral cavity
- posterior to larynx
three divisions of the larynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
What overlies the vocal cords?
vocal folds: mucous membrane and soft tissue
The vocal cords are actually
The vocal cords are housed within
a ligament which is housed within the thyroid cartilage
Upper division of the respiratory tract.
Lower division of the respiratory tract comprises of (10):
- most proximal part of lower division of respiratory tract inferior to the vocal cords
- larynx; inferior to vocal cords
- trachea (begins at C6)
- primary/principal/main bronchi (T4/5)
- secondary/lobar bronchi
- Tertiary/Segmental bronchi
- Terminal bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts and sacs
- Alveoli
Trachea begins below —— cartilage and
cricoid and other cartilages part of the laryngeal skeleton
Trachea bifurcates into —– at
- right and left primary bronchi
- T4/T5 (sternal angle)
keel-like ligamentous structure that sits at the bifurcation of the trachea is called the
Carina
Diagram from lower respiratory division.
Functional anatomy of the respiratory tract: Divisions of the tracheobronchial tree are and do?
Conducting Zone/Tract: passage of air from external environment into internal environment
Respiratory Zone/Tract: functional unit/ site of gas exchange; bronchioles/ alveolar ducts, sacs, alveoli
Diagram from functional anatomy of respiratory tract
Musculature and movements diagram
Primary respiratory muscles:
- intercostal muscles; external, internal and innermost
- diaphragm
orientation and action of external intercostal muscles:
- inferomedial
- elevate ribcage
- inspiration
orientation and action of internal intercostal muscles:
- superomedial
- depress ribcage
- expiration
orientation and action of innermost intercostal muscles:
- superomedial (more lateral than inner)
- depress ribcage
- expiration
Label of diagram.
Main muscle in passive respiration?
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles more involved in passive respiration than active respiration.
True or False?
False
More involved in active respiration.
respiratory muscles tables; bottom two not tested upon.
Accessory Respiratory Muscles:
- Pectoralis Major
- Pectoralis Minor
- Serratus Anterior
- Serratus Posterior
- latissimus dorsi, sternocleidomastoid, anterior/middle/posterior scalene, abdominal muscles
Accessory Respiratory Muscles meaning
different primary function, but can be recruited to help with respiration
Pec major accessory muscle example:
- primary action is movement of humorous
- flip origin and insertion
- fixes upper limb
- movement from new insertion to new origin, acts on rib cage to help with inspiration
- helps sternal head to elevate the rib cage
Insertion and Attachment of pectoralis major: primary function:
- arises from clavicle and sternum and inserts into the humorous
Insertion and Attachment of pectoralis major: accessory muscle in respiration:
- origin from humorous
- insertion into clavicle and sternum, but upper limb fixed
Serratus Anterior origin, insertion and primary action
- origin: anterior surface of ribs 1-8/9
- insertion: medial border of scapulae
- primary action to act on scapula
Serratus anterior origin, insertion and action when function as an accessory muscle in respiration?
- origin: medial border of scapula
- insertion: ribs 1-8/9
- action: on ribs, elevation, inspiration
Latissimus Dorsi:
- location
- origin
- insertion
- action
- action as an accessory respiratory muscle
- superficial massive muscle in back
- origin: thoracumbular fascia, lumbar vertebrae, iliac crest
- insertion: proximal humerus anteriorly
- action: ??
- accessory action: movements of ribcage, when upper limb is fixed
Serratus Posterior (Superior and Inferior):
- location
- origin
- insertion
- action
- accessory action
- back
- origin: spinous processes
- insertion: ribs
- action
- accessory action: moves rib cage, when upper limb is fixed?
Sternocleidomastoid:
- location
- origin
- insertion
- action
- accessory action in
- neck
- origin: mastoid process of skull and part of temporal bone
- insertion: clavicle and manubrium
- action
- accessory action: movement of ribbcage by acting upon manubrium
Anterior/middle/posterior scalene:
- location
- origin
- insertion
- action
- accessory action
- very deep in posterior triangle of neck
- insertion: ribs
- action:
- accessory action: moves ribcage
Respiratory muscles accessory
respiratory muscles accessory 2
Diaphragm structure (2):
- musculotendinous
- double-domed
Diaphragm location:
- inferior boundary of thorax
- divides trunk into thorax superiorly and abdomen inferiorly
Pericardium is ——- to diaphragm
superior
Stomach, spleen and liver are —— to diaphragm
inferior
will move during respiration
Action of Diaphragm
- primary muscle of respiration
- allows transit of structures between thorax and abdomen
central tendon
pericardium sits on central tendon of diaphragm
and is fused/adhered
hence heart moves down when diaphragm moves down
Three important apertures of diaphragm allow
transit from thorax to abdomen
oesophageal hiatus, aortic hiatus and ???
Diaphragm origin and insertion
Origin (muscular):
- sternal part: xiphoid process
- costal part: costal margin, ribs 7-12
- Lumbar part (crura): right L1-L3/4, left L1-2/3
Insertion: Central Tendon
Diagram of diaphragm
= white is central tendon
= sternal part
= costal part laterally
= posteriorly most lumbar right and left crura come out slightly
Diaphragm blood supply(4):
- superior phrenic artery directly from thoracic aorta (right and left)
- inferior phrenic artery directly from the abdominal aorta (right and left)
- musculophrenic artery: internal thoracic arteries left and right arise from left and right subclavians. Internal thoracic arteries branch into anterior intercostal arteries. Internal thoracic arteries bifurcate into superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries. Supplies diaphragm and costal spaces. Follows pathway of costal margin.
- pericardiophrenic artery: supplies pericardium and diaphragm, travel with the phrenic nerve
Innervation of the diaphragm:
- Phrenic nerve:
C3,C4,C5 keeps the diaphragm alive; motor and sensory supply carried to central tendon of diaphragm (insertion)
- Intercostal nerve:
T5-T11, subcostal nerve, sensory to muscular part
Only source of motor innervation to diaphragm from?
the phrenic nerve
Source of sensory innervation to diaphragm?
phrenic nerve
intercostal and subcostal nerve, T5-T11 and T12
Diagram diaphragm
diagram diaphragm
Inspiration diaphragm and ribcage movement:
- diaphragm
Active Respiration means and is known as
- more forceful
- respiration
Passive inspiration diaphragm
contracts and thoracic wall recoils? Returns to normal position and volume
Active inspiration
external intercostals, accessory muscles recruited
Passive expiration
relaxation of diaphragm
recoil of thoracic walls
Active expiration
internal and innermost intercostals
accessory muscles
increase in intrathoracic volume, what change in pressure?
- decrease in pressure
- air drawn into lungs
- slight increase in pressure
Decrease intrathoracic volumes, what changes in pressure
- increase in pressure, forces air out, in order to decrease pressure
Vertical dimension of thorax during respiration occurs due to
diaphragm
Horizontal dimension during respiration occurs due to to
thoracic wall action
- pump handle/ pendulum (AP diameter)
- bucket handle (transverse diameter)
Pump Handle/Pendulum (AP diameter)
- movement at costovertebral joints
- movement allows rib to elevate slightly allowing sternum to swing out anteriorly and superiorly, increasing diameter anterior and posteriorly
Bucket Handle (transverse diameter):
- movement at costovertebral joints
- rib shaft movement out and up, superiorly
Identify movement in diagram.
Pump handle
Identify movement in diagram.
Bucket Handle movement
Label diagram.
Label diagram
Label diagram.
Label diagram.
Label diagram.
