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HLB > Fundamentals of Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory tract is divided into the

A

upper and lower division

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2
Q

Upper division of the respiratory tract comprises of(3):

A
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx superior to vocal cords
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3
Q

Respiratory system cavities diagram.

A
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4
Q

The pharynx is located:

A
  • continuous with oesophagus inferiorly
  • posterior to nasal cavity
  • posterior to oral cavity
  • posterior to larynx
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5
Q

three divisions of the larynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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6
Q

What overlies the vocal cords?

A

vocal folds: mucous membrane and soft tissue

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7
Q

The vocal cords are actually
The vocal cords are housed within

A

a ligament which is housed within the thyroid cartilage

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8
Q

Upper division of the respiratory tract.

A
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9
Q

Lower division of the respiratory tract comprises of (10):

A
  • most proximal part of lower division of respiratory tract inferior to the vocal cords
  • larynx; inferior to vocal cords
  • trachea (begins at C6)
  • primary/principal/main bronchi (T4/5)
  • secondary/lobar bronchi
  • Tertiary/Segmental bronchi
  • Terminal bronchioles
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts and sacs
  • Alveoli
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10
Q

Trachea begins below —— cartilage and

A

cricoid and other cartilages part of the laryngeal skeleton

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11
Q

Trachea bifurcates into —– at

A
  • right and left primary bronchi
  • T4/T5 (sternal angle)
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12
Q

keel-like ligamentous structure that sits at the bifurcation of the trachea is called the

A

Carina

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13
Q

Diagram from lower respiratory division.

A
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14
Q

Functional anatomy of the respiratory tract: Divisions of the tracheobronchial tree are and do?

A

Conducting Zone/Tract: passage of air from external environment into internal environment

Respiratory Zone/Tract: functional unit/ site of gas exchange; bronchioles/ alveolar ducts, sacs, alveoli

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15
Q

Diagram from functional anatomy of respiratory tract

A
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16
Q

Musculature and movements diagram

A
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17
Q

Primary respiratory muscles:

A
  • intercostal muscles; external, internal and innermost
  • diaphragm
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18
Q

orientation and action of external intercostal muscles:

A
  • inferomedial
  • elevate ribcage
  • inspiration
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19
Q

orientation and action of internal intercostal muscles:

A
  • superomedial
  • depress ribcage
  • expiration
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20
Q

orientation and action of innermost intercostal muscles:

A
  • superomedial (more lateral than inner)
  • depress ribcage
  • expiration
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21
Q

Label of diagram.

A
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22
Q

Main muscle in passive respiration?

A

Diaphragm

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23
Q

Intercostal muscles more involved in passive respiration than active respiration.

True or False?

A

False

More involved in active respiration.

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24
Q

respiratory muscles tables; bottom two not tested upon.

A
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25
Q

Accessory Respiratory Muscles:

A
  • Pectoralis Major
  • Pectoralis Minor
  • Serratus Anterior
  • Serratus Posterior
  • latissimus dorsi, sternocleidomastoid, anterior/middle/posterior scalene, abdominal muscles
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26
Q

Accessory Respiratory Muscles meaning

A

different primary function, but can be recruited to help with respiration

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27
Q

Pec major accessory muscle example:

A
  • primary action is movement of humorous
  • flip origin and insertion
  • fixes upper limb
  • movement from new insertion to new origin, acts on rib cage to help with inspiration
  • helps sternal head to elevate the rib cage
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28
Q

Insertion and Attachment of pectoralis major: primary function:

A
  • arises from clavicle and sternum and inserts into the humorous
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29
Q

Insertion and Attachment of pectoralis major: accessory muscle in respiration:

A
  • origin from humorous
  • insertion into clavicle and sternum, but upper limb fixed
30
Q

Serratus Anterior origin, insertion and primary action

A
  • origin: anterior surface of ribs 1-8/9
  • insertion: medial border of scapulae
  • primary action to act on scapula
31
Q

Serratus anterior origin, insertion and action when function as an accessory muscle in respiration?

A
  • origin: medial border of scapula
  • insertion: ribs 1-8/9
  • action: on ribs, elevation, inspiration
32
Q

Latissimus Dorsi:

  • location
  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
  • action as an accessory respiratory muscle
A
  • superficial massive muscle in back
  • origin: thoracumbular fascia, lumbar vertebrae, iliac crest
  • insertion: proximal humerus anteriorly
  • action: ??
  • accessory action: movements of ribcage, when upper limb is fixed
33
Q

Serratus Posterior (Superior and Inferior):

  • location
  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
  • accessory action
A
  • back
  • origin: spinous processes
  • insertion: ribs
  • action
  • accessory action: moves rib cage, when upper limb is fixed?
34
Q

Sternocleidomastoid:

  • location
  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
  • accessory action in
A
  • neck
  • origin: mastoid process of skull and part of temporal bone
  • insertion: clavicle and manubrium
  • action
  • accessory action: movement of ribbcage by acting upon manubrium
35
Q

Anterior/middle/posterior scalene:

  • location
  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
  • accessory action
A
  • very deep in posterior triangle of neck
  • insertion: ribs
  • action:
  • accessory action: moves ribcage
36
Q

Respiratory muscles accessory

A
37
Q

respiratory muscles accessory 2

A
38
Q

Diaphragm structure (2):

A
  • musculotendinous
  • double-domed
39
Q

Diaphragm location:

A
  • inferior boundary of thorax
  • divides trunk into thorax superiorly and abdomen inferiorly
40
Q

Pericardium is ——- to diaphragm

A

superior

41
Q

Stomach, spleen and liver are —— to diaphragm

A

inferior
will move during respiration

42
Q

Action of Diaphragm

A
  • primary muscle of respiration
  • allows transit of structures between thorax and abdomen
43
Q

central tendon

A

pericardium sits on central tendon of diaphragm
and is fused/adhered
hence heart moves down when diaphragm moves down

44
Q

Three important apertures of diaphragm allow

A

transit from thorax to abdomen

oesophageal hiatus, aortic hiatus and ???

45
Q

Diaphragm origin and insertion

A

Origin (muscular):

  • sternal part: xiphoid process
  • costal part: costal margin, ribs 7-12
  • Lumbar part (crura): right L1-L3/4, left L1-2/3

Insertion: Central Tendon

46
Q

Diagram of diaphragm

A

= white is central tendon
= sternal part
= costal part laterally
= posteriorly most lumbar right and left crura come out slightly

47
Q

Diaphragm blood supply(4):

A
  • superior phrenic artery directly from thoracic aorta (right and left)
  • inferior phrenic artery directly from the abdominal aorta (right and left)
  • musculophrenic artery: internal thoracic arteries left and right arise from left and right subclavians. Internal thoracic arteries branch into anterior intercostal arteries. Internal thoracic arteries bifurcate into superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries. Supplies diaphragm and costal spaces. Follows pathway of costal margin.
  • pericardiophrenic artery: supplies pericardium and diaphragm, travel with the phrenic nerve
48
Q

Innervation of the diaphragm:

A
  • Phrenic nerve:

C3,C4,C5 keeps the diaphragm alive; motor and sensory supply carried to central tendon of diaphragm (insertion)

  • Intercostal nerve:
    T5-T11, subcostal nerve, sensory to muscular part
49
Q

Only source of motor innervation to diaphragm from?

A

the phrenic nerve

50
Q

Source of sensory innervation to diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve
intercostal and subcostal nerve, T5-T11 and T12

51
Q

Diagram diaphragm

A
52
Q

diagram diaphragm

A
53
Q

Inspiration diaphragm and ribcage movement:

A
  • diaphragm
54
Q

Active Respiration means and is known as

A
  • more forceful
  • respiration
55
Q

Passive inspiration diaphragm

A

contracts and thoracic wall recoils? Returns to normal position and volume

56
Q

Active inspiration

A

external intercostals, accessory muscles recruited

57
Q

Passive expiration

A

relaxation of diaphragm
recoil of thoracic walls

58
Q

Active expiration

A

internal and innermost intercostals
accessory muscles

59
Q

increase in intrathoracic volume, what change in pressure?

A
  • decrease in pressure
  • air drawn into lungs
  • slight increase in pressure
60
Q

Decrease intrathoracic volumes, what changes in pressure

A
  • increase in pressure, forces air out, in order to decrease pressure
61
Q

Vertical dimension of thorax during respiration occurs due to

A

diaphragm

62
Q

Horizontal dimension during respiration occurs due to to

A

thoracic wall action
- pump handle/ pendulum (AP diameter)
- bucket handle (transverse diameter)

63
Q

Pump Handle/Pendulum (AP diameter)

A
  • movement at costovertebral joints
  • movement allows rib to elevate slightly allowing sternum to swing out anteriorly and superiorly, increasing diameter anterior and posteriorly
64
Q

Bucket Handle (transverse diameter):

A
  • movement at costovertebral joints
  • rib shaft movement out and up, superiorly
65
Q

Identify movement in diagram.

A

Pump handle

66
Q

Identify movement in diagram.

A

Bucket Handle movement

67
Q

Label diagram.

A
68
Q

Label diagram

A
69
Q

Label diagram.

A
70
Q

Label diagram.

A
71
Q

Label diagram.

A

HLB (49 decks)

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