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Endocrine > The Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

The Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Is the pituitary neural tissue or glandular? The hypothalamus?

A
  • The (ANTERIOR) pituitary is a true endocrine gland of epithelial origin
  • The hypothalamus is part of the brain, therefore a neuroendocrine gland composed of neural tissue
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2
Q

What functions as the integration centre for endocrine systems?

A

The hypothalamus

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3
Q

What connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary?

A
  • The infundibulum

It’s a stalk like structure

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4
Q

Describe the relationship between the neurones of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A
  • Neurones have their cell bodies in the hypothalamus and their axons project down into the posterior pituitary
  • Neurohormones released into blood by hypothalamic axons in the posterior pituitary
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5
Q

In which bone is the pituitary gland located?

A
  • Sphenoid
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6
Q

How are the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus “connected”?

A

Via neurohormones

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7
Q

Another name for the anterior pituitary?

Another name for the posterior?

A
  • Adenohypophysis

- Neurohypophysis

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8
Q

What lies between the anterior and posterior pituitary? Function?

A
  • Pars intermedia (active in foetal stages)

- Secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone, controls the production of melanin

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9
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A
  • Tropic: A hormone that governs the release of another hormone

(have other endocrine glands as their target)

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10
Q

What are magnocellular neurones? What do they secrete?

A
  • Neuroendocrine cells of the hypothalamus that secrete via the posterior pituitary
  • Vasopressin (ADH) & Oxytocin
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11
Q

Functions of vasopressin and oxytocin? What type of hormones are they?

A
  • Vasopressin (ADH): anti-diuretic hormone, maintains water balance
  • Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contraction at parturition, and aides expression of milk in lactating breasts (also has role in social bonding)
  • Peptide hormones (vesicles & receptors)
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12
Q

Examples of some tropic hypothalamic hormones that act on the anterior pituitary to stimulate hormone release?

A

Releasing:

  • Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
  • Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Prolactin releasing hormone

All peptide hormones

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13
Q

Examples of some tropic hypothalamic hormones that act on the anterior pituitary to INHIBIT hormone release?

A
  • Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) aka somatostatin (peptide)
  • Prolactin inhibiting hormone aka Dopamine (catecholamine)
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14
Q

How do tropic hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior pituitary?

A
  • Via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system (capillaries)
  • Hormones released at the “median eminence”
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15
Q

What controls the production of hormones in the anterior pituitary?

A
  • Hypothalamic tropic hormones
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16
Q

How many hormones are released by the anterior pituitary? What types of hormones are they?

A
  • 6 Hormones released from the ant. pituitary
  • ALL Peptide hormones
  • 5/6 are tropic hormones
17
Q

Name the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland

A
  1. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, aka thyrotropin)
  2. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH, aka corticotropin)
  3. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  4. Luteinising hormone (LH)
  5. Growth Hormone (GH)
  6. Prolactin
    1-5 ALL tropic
18
Q

Which “integration centres” are involved in the feedback control of anterior pituitary hormones?
What is long / short loop feedback?

A
  • Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary itself and the target endocrine cell
  • Long-loop Feedback: feedback from endocrine target
  • Short-loop Feedback: Feedback from anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus
19
Q

How are endocrine disorders classified?

A
  • Hypersecretion
  • Hyposecretion
  • 1 (primary) disorders
  • 2 (secondary) disorders
  • 3 (tertiary disorders)
  • Hyporesponsiveness
  • Hyperresponsiveness
20
Q

What are primary, secondary and tertiary endocrine disorders?

A
  • 1 (primary) disorders: defect in the cells that secrete the hormone
  • 2 (secondary) disorders: too little or too much tropic hormone fro anterior pituitary
  • 3 (tertiary disorders): hypothalamic defects
21
Q

Causes of hyporesponsiveness?

A
  • Alterations in receptor
  • Disordered post receptor events
  • Failure of metabolic activation of hormone
  • Antagonistic effects
22
Q

How can hypo/hyper-responsiveness originate?

A
  • Prolonged exposure to low hormone concentration can cause up-regulation of receptor number (hyperresp)
  • Prolonged exposure to high hormone concentration can cause down-regulation of receptor number (hypores)
23
Q

What are permissive effects? Example?

A
  • When the presence of one hormone enhances the effect of another
  • Eg. Epinephrine alone causes modest lipolysis in adipose tissue, but in the presence of thyroid hormone there is lots of lipolysis. TH is permissive to epinephrine
24
Q

What are antagonistic effects? Example?

A
  • Presence of one hormone reduces the effect of another
  • Eg. Growth hormone inhibits glucose uptake in response to insulin by decreasing receptor recruitment on cell muscle and adipose tissue cell surfaces

Endocrine (30 decks)

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