Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine > Immunology of Endocrine Disease > Flashcards

Immunology of Endocrine Disease Flashcards

1
Q

In which gender are the majority of autoimmune diseases more common?

A
  • Women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is immune tolerance?

A

Unresponsiveness to an antigen that is triggered by previous exposure to that antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are antigens that induce tolerance called?

A
  • Tolerogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two forms of self tolerance?

A
  • Central (negative selection - eliminate immune cells that respond to cell antigens)
  • Peripheral (T regs that ensure self attacking lymphocytes that escape central tolerance can’t cause immune responses)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do central and peripheral tolerance occur?

A
  • Central: primary lymphoid tissue

- Peripheral: outside of primary lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is molecular mimicry?

A
  • Structural similarities between self and bacterial antigens
  • Immune system may attack self antigens due to similarity to invading organisms antigens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is epitope spreading?

A

The broadening of an autoimmune response after the breakdown of tolerance

  • Local tissue damage accelerates due to the resulting inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some risk factors for autoimmune disease?

A
  • Genetics (alleles on the MHC)
  • Hormones (males vs females)
  • Infections (mimicry / co-stimulation)
  • Drugs
  • UV radiation (modifications of antigens / receptors)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are autoimmune diseases treated?

A
  1. Suppression of damaging immune response (specificity and toxicity an issue)
  2. Replacement of function of damaged organ (hormone replacement etc.)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the cell types of the islets of the pancreas? Functions?

A
  1. Beta cells: insulin
  2. Alpha cells: glucagon
  3. Delta cells: somatostatin
  4. Pancreatic polypeptide cells: pancreatic polypeptide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some risk factors for type 1 diabetes?

A
  • Genetics (HLA factors)

- Viral infection (coxsackie B, mumps)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the most likely causes of hyperthyroidism?

A 
Graves thyroiditis
Functioning adenoma
Toxic nodular goitre
Exogenous thyroid hormone (rare)
Ectopic secretion by ectopic thyroid tissue or tumours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of Graves thyrotoxicosis

A
  • long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) antibodies in the serum stimulate the function and growth of follicular epithelium in the thyroid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is cretinism? Risk factors?

A
  • Congenital hypothyroidism
  • Endemic in areas with low iodine diets
  • Sporadic cases usually due to congenital absence of thyroid tissue / enzyme defects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in adults? How does the disease tend to progress?

A
  • Hashimotos thyroiditis
  • In the early stages of the disease damage to the thyroid follicles may lead to release of thyroglobulin causing a transient phase of thyrotoxicosis. Followed by atrophy and fibrosis of the gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the targets of the two most common autoantibodies detected in Hashimotos thyroiditis?

A

one reacting with thyroid peroxidase

the other reacting with thyroglobulin

17
Q

What are Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes?

A

A diverse group of clinical conditions characterized by functional impairment of multiple endocrine glands due to loss of immune tolerance.

18
Q

What is Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1 (APS-1)?

A

rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE)

  • Loss of negative selection
19
Q

What are some symptoms / signs of APS-1?

A
  • Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (chronic infections with Candida that are limited to mucosal surfaces)
  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease)
  • Enamel hypoplasia
  • Enteropathy with chronic diarrhea or constipation.
  • Primary ovarian insufficiency
20
Q

What is Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 2 (APS-2)? Which gender does it predominantly affect?

A
  • Impairment of multiple endocrine glands due to loss of immune tolerance
  • It is heterogeneous and has not been linked to one gene. HLA mutation usually implicated
  • Much more common in women
21
Q

What are the characteristic signs / symptoms of Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 2 (APS-2)?

A

At least 2 of the following:

  • Type 1 diabetes
  • Autoimmune thyroid disease
  • Addison’s disease

Other conditions may develop

22
Q

What is X-Linked Immunodysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, and Enteropathy (IPEX)?

A

An extremely rare inherited syndrome characterized by:

  • Early-onset type 1 diabetes
  • Autoimmune enteropathy with intractable diarrhoea and malabsorption
  • Dermatitis
23
Q

What are some other conditions that can develop from X-Linked Immunodysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, and Enteropathy (IPEX)?

A
  • Kidney disease (membranous glomerulonephritis or interstitial nephritis)
  • Autoimmune thyroid disease
  • Alopecia
  • Various autoimmune cytopenias
  • Hepatitis
  • Exocrine pancreatitis.
24
Q

What is the prognosis for X-Linked Immunodysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, and Enteropathy (IPEX)? What are the treatment options?

A
  • Usually fatal within the first few years of life if untreated
  • allogeneic bone marrow transplantation can cure the disease

Endocrine (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions