The Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

How is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum

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2
Q

What makes the pituitary gland neuroendocrine?

A

Neuro - posterior

Endocrine - Anterior

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3
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Hormones which govern the release of another hormone (from anterior pituitary)

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4
Q

All hormones secreted by the hypothalamus are what?

A

Neurohormones

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5
Q

What are non-tropic hormones?

A

Neurohormones produced in the hypothalamus and travel to posterior pituitary (via axons of hypothalamic neurons) where they are released into blood.

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6
Q

Non-tropic hormones travel via what?

A

Axons of the hypothalamic neurons

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7
Q

What are the 5 anterior pituitary axis releasing hormones released by the hypothalamus?

A
Thyrotropin RH
Corticotropin RH
Growth Hormone RH
Gonadotropin RH
Prolactin RH
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8
Q

What are the 2 anterior pituitary axis inhibiting hormones released by the hypothalamus?

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (Somatostatin)

Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (Dopamine)

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9
Q

Which tropic hormone is the odd one out? Why?

A

All are peptide hormones except dopAMINE

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10
Q

How do trophic hormones reach the anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

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11
Q

Trophic hormones are released from the hypothalamus at which point?

A

Median eminence

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12
Q

What is the alternate name for the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophysis

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13
Q

All the hormones released by the pituitary gland are what?

A

PEPTIDES

5 are tropic - all but prolactin

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14
Q

What are the anterior pituitary hormones?

A
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Luteinising Hormone
Growth hormone
Prolactin
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15
Q

What is the function of prolactin?

A

Directly stimulate milk production during lactation

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16
Q

Growth Hormone targets what?

A

Musculoskeletal system

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17
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone targets what?

A

Thyroid gland

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18
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone targets what?

A

Adrenal glands

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19
Q

What make up the gonadotropins?

A

Luteinising Hormone

Follicle stimulating Hormone?

20
Q

Gonadotropins target what?

21
Q

What is the effect of thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

Release of Thyroid Hormone from the thyroid

22
Q

What is the effect of ACTH?

A

Cortisol release from the adrenal cortex (tropic)

23
Q

What is the effect of GH release?

A
Liver releases IGF-1 (tropic)
Tissue metabolism (direct)
24
Q

What is the effect of FSH & LH?

A

Sex hormone release (tropic)

Regulation of reproductive function (direct)

25
Anterior pituitary feedback control involves which integration centres?
Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Target endocrine cell
26
What is long-loop feedback?
Feedback from the endocrine target
27
What is short-loop feedback?
Feedback from the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus (trophic hormone)
28
The posterior pituitary stores and releases what?
Neurohormones: Vasopressin (ADH) Oxytocin
29
Where are the neurohormones produced?
Magnocellular neurons in the hypothalamus | Different subsets for each
30
Axons from the posterior pituitary synapse with what?
Directly onto the capillaries in the posterior pituitary
31
Oxytocin and Vasopressin behave like what?
Peptide hormones
32
What is the function of vasopressin?
Regulate water balance
33
What is the function of oxytocin?
Milk ejection | uterine contraction
34
vasopressin release is triggered by what?
Increased plasma osmolarity | Decreased plasma volume
35
Oxytocin release is triggered by what?
Labour (babys head vs cervix) | Suckling
36
What is the site/mode of action of vasopressin?
Kidney collecting ducts -> Increase water reabsorption | Vascular smooth muscle -> Increase blood pressure
37
What is the site/mode of action of oxytocin?
Milk duct small muscle -> Contract muscle - eject milk | Uterine smooth muscle -> Child birth
38
What is hyposecretion?
Too little hormone secreted
39
What is hypersecretion?
Too much hormone secreted
40
What are 1° endocrine disorders?
Defect in the cells that secrete the hormones
41
What are 2° endocrine disorders?
Those in which there is too little or too much trophic hormone from pituitary
42
What are 3° endocrine disorders?
Relate to hypothalamic defects
43
What is hyporesponsiveness?
Reduce response of the target cell
44
What is hyperresponsiveness?
Increased response of the target cell
45
Hyporesponsiveness relates to what?
Alterations in receptor for hormone, disordered post-receptor events or failure of hormone activation
46
Hyperresponsiveness relates to what?
Often due to permissive effects