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D&E Physiology > The Endocrine Pancreas 1 > Flashcards

The Endocrine Pancreas 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the feeding centre?

A

promotes feelings of hunger and drive to eat

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2
Q

Whats the function of the Satiety Centre?

A

promotes feelings of fullness by suppressing the Feeding Centre

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3
Q

What is glucostatic theory?

A

Food intake determined by [BG], as it increases, drive to eat decreases

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4
Q

What is lipostatic theory?

A

Food intake determined by fat stores, as they increase, drive to eat decreases

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5
Q

What peptide hormone is released by fat stores to depress feeding?

A

Leptin

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6
Q

What are the 3 categories of cellular work?

A

Cellular work
Mechanical work
Heat loss

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7
Q

What are the 3 elements of human metabolism?

A

Extracting energy from nutrients
Storing said energy
Utilising said energy for work

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8
Q

What are anabolic pathways?

A

Net effect is synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones

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9
Q

What are catabolic pathways?

A

Breaking down large molecules to smaller ones - releasing energy

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10
Q

What is an absorptive state?

A

After eating - ingested nutrients supply the energy needs of the body (anabolic)

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11
Q

What is a fasted/post-absorptive state?

A

Between meals - body relies on stores for energy (catabolic)

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12
Q

What has the first dibs on glucose?

A

The brain

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13
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen -> glucose

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14
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Amino-acids -> Glucose

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15
Q

How is excess glucose removed?

A

Via urine

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16
Q

What hormone is essential for uptake of [BG]?

A

Insulin

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17
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

Turning excess glucose into fat stores

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18
Q

What is the normal range of [BG]?

A

4.2-6.3mM

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19
Q

Where is insulin produced?

A

Islet of Langerhans (pancreas)

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20
Q

What do alpha cells produce?

A

Glucagon

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21
Q

What do beta cells produce?

A

Insulin

22
Q

What do delta cells produce?

A

Somatostatin

23
Q

What do F cells produce?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

24
Q

What are the effects of increased (dominant) insulin?

A 
(glucose taken up by cells)
↑ Glucose oxidation
↑ Glycogen synthesis
↑ Fat synthesis
↑ Protein Synthesis
25
Q

What are the effects of increased (dominant) glucagon?

A

(glucose released into plasma)
↑ Glycogenolysis
↑ Gluconeogenesis
↑ Ketogenesis

26
Q

What type of hormone is insulin?

A

Peptide hormone

27
Q

Where is insulin made?

A

Beta cells in islets of langerhans

28
Q

How is insulin synthesised?

A

Preprohormone - Preproinsulin

29
Q

What is the fate of preproinsulin?

A

Converted into proinsulin in the endoplasmic reticulum

30
Q

What is the fate of proinsulin?

A

Packaged as granules in vesicles where it is cleaved into insulin and C-peptide and stored

31
Q

How is insulin unique relating to glucose?

A

It is the only hormone which lowers [BG]

32
Q

How does [BG] trigger insulin secretion from beta cells?

A

[BG] enters cells through GLUT and increases metabolism
Increased [ATp} causes the Katp channel to close
Closing the Katp channel causes ↑[K+], depolarising the cell
This opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels
Triggers vesicle exocytosis

33
Q

How does low [BG] trigger low insulin?

A

ATP is low so Katp channels are open, removing the K+, thus the +ve charge

34
Q

What does insulin bind to?

A

Kinase receptors on insulin sensitive tissues

35
Q

Insulin stimulates the mobilisation of what when bound?

A

GLUT-4 transporters to migrate to the membrane

36
Q

What types of tissue are insulin dependent?

A

Fat

Muscle

37
Q

Which GLUT transporters are NOT insulin dependent?

A

GLUT-1, 2, 3

38
Q

What is the role of GLUT-1?

A

Glucose uptake in brain, kidney, RBC

39
Q

What is the role of GLUT-2?

A

Glucose uptake in Pancreas, liver

40
Q

What is the role of GLUT-3?

A

Glucose uptake in brain, kidney, RBC

41
Q

How does the liver take up glucose?

A

GLUT-2 and 4
Glucose enters down the concentration gradient
(transport into hepatocytes is affected by insulin)

42
Q

How does the liver continue to uptake glucose in a fed state?

A

Insulin activates Hexokinase which converts Glucose -> G-6-P

Relatively decreasing [Glucose]

43
Q

What is the role of the liver on [Glucose] in a fasted state?

A

Glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis) which ↑[Glucose] causing it to move out the cell

44
Q

What is the non-anabolic role of insulin?

A

Promote K+ entry into cells stimulating Na+/K+ ATPase

45
Q

What are the anabolic roles of insulin?

A 
Increase glycogen synthesis in muscles and liver
Inhibit glycogen phosphorylase
Increase AA uptake
Promote protein synthesis
Increase TAG synthesis
Inhibit enzymes of gluconeogenesis
46
Q

What is the half life of insulin?

A

~5mins

47
Q

What happens to insulin after it completes its action?

A

Internalised with the receptors by endocytosis

Destroyed by insulin protease or recycled

48
Q

What are the stimuli which increase insulin release?

A 
Increased [BG] 
Increased [Amino A]plasma
Glucagon
Incretin hormones controling GI secretion & motility
Vagal nerve activity
49
Q

What are the stimuli which inhibit insulin release?

A

Low [BG]
Somatostatin (GHIH)
Sympathetic alpha2 effects
Stress

50
Q

Why does oral loading glucose stimulate a larger insulin response than I.V glucose?

A 
Increase insulin by effect on beta cells
AND 
Vagal stimulation via anticipatory effect
PLUS 
Incretin!

D&E Physiology (10 decks)

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