The Adrenal Gland Flashcards
How much do the adrenal glands weight?
4g each
Where does the left adrenal gland drain?
Into the left renal vein or left inferior phrenic vein
Where does the right adrenal gland drain?
Into the IVC
Proportionally, how much of the adrenal glands is medulla and how much is cortex?
Cortex - 75%
Medulla - 25%
The adrenal medulla secretes what?
Catecholamines:
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
The adrenal medulla is derived from what?
Modified sympathetic ganglion derived from neural crest tissue
The adrenal cortex is derived from what?
Mesoderm
The adrenal cortex secretes what?
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex steroids
What is the role of mineralocorticoids? Give an example
Aldosterone
Regulation of Na+ and K+
What is the role of glucoocorticoids? Give an example
Cortisol
Regulation of plasma glucose
What is the arrangement of the adrenal cortex?
3 layers:
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Steroid hormones are derived from what?
Cholesterol
What is DHEA?
Pre-hormone of testosterone and estrogen
What are the main products of the adrenal cortex?
Cortisol
Aldosterone
How does DHEA change in life?
Declines with age
What is the common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
Defects in 21-hydroxylase
What do defects in 21-hydroxylase cause?
Deficiency in aldosterone and cortisol
Disruption of salt and glucose
Accumulation of steroid precursors
Accumulation of steroid precursors causes what?
Excessive adrenal androgen production
Cortisol causes feedback inhibition on which hormones?
CRH
ACTH
Hypothalamic secretion of CRH stimulates what?
ACTH release from the anterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary ACTH secretion stimulates what?
Cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex
21-hydroxylase is necessary for what?
Conversion of progesterone to Cortisol and Aldosterone
Why does 21-hydroxylase cause adrenal hyperplasia?
- Inhibited cortisol synthesis
- Loss of -ve feedback on ACTH and CRH
- Increased ACTH secretion
- Enlargement of adrenal glands
- (CRH synthesis remains)
- Huge excess of sex steroids
What is the negative feedback effect of ACTH?
Inhibition of CRH synthesis
What type of hormone is cortisol?
Glucocorticoid hormone
All nucleated cells have what receptors?
Cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors
What % of plasma cortisol is bound? What is it bound to?
95%
Cortisol binding globulin
How does cortisol alter gene expression?
Hormone receptor complex migrates to nucleus
Binds to DNA via hormone-response element
What is the pattern of cortisol release?
Circadian rhythm
Preceded by ACTH release
Cortisol burst longer (longer 1/2 life)
When does cortisol peak?
6-9am
When is cortisol lowest?
Midnight
Fluctuations of cortisol levels are related to what?
Stress
What is the permissive effect of cortisol?
Permissive effect on glucagon
Makes glucagon able to respond to a hypoglycaemic challenge
Permissive effect on epinephrine alpha receptors causing vasoconstriction - hypertension
Removing adrenal glands has what effect on animals?
Makes them incapable of maintaining extracellular fluid volume
What is the role of aromatase?
Converts Testosterone to Estradiol
21-hydroxylase converts progesterone into what?
Corticosterone
Corticosterone is converted into what?
Aldosterone
How does 21-hydroxylase deficiency cause deformities?
Malformed genitals due - ambiguous sex
Why does a 21-hydroxylase deficiency cause a massive increase in ACTH but not CRH?
Because the increase of ACTH also inhibits CRH which is being conversely NOT inhibited by the lack of cortisol
What are the glucocorticoid actions of cortisol?
Gluconeogenesis
Proteolysis
Lipolysis
Decreased insulin sensitivity
Cortisol decreases the insulin sensitivity of what?
Muscles and adipose tissue
How does cortisol effect gluconeogenesis?
Cortisol stimulates formation of gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver
Increasing gluconeogenesis
How does cortisol effect proteolysis?
Increased proteolysis of muscle protein to provide gluconeogenic substrates in the liver
How does cortisol effect lipolysis?
Stimulates lipolysis which increases plasma [FFA]
What is the benefit of cortisol stimulating lipolysis?
Creates an alternative fuel supply whilst glycerol is created for gluconeogenesis
What are the non-glucocorticoid effects of cortisol?
Reduces Ca2+ balance
Impairs mood and cognition
Permissive effects on norepinephrine
Suprresses the immune system
How does Cortisol effect Ca2+?
Decreases absorption
Increases kidney excretion
Increases bone resorption
Net Ca2+ loss
Impaired mood and cognition is strongly associated with which hormone excess?
Hypercortisolaemia
Hypertension is strongly associated with which hormone excess?
Hypercortisolaemia (Cushing’s Disease)
Permissive effects of cortisol on norepinephrine have what effects?
Hypertension
Vasoconstrictive effect on vascular smooth muscle (alpha receptors)
How does Cortisol effect the immune system?
Suppression
Reduced lymphocyte count
Inhibited inflammatory response
What is the side effect of glucocorticoid therapy on the immune system?
Suppressed immune system
Increased severity and frequency of infection
What is the side effect of glucocorticoid therapy on muscle?
Increased protein catabolism
What is the side effect of glucocorticoid therapy on adipose tissue?
Lipolysis
Aldosterone is what type of hormone?
Mineralocorticoid
Aldosterone acts on what?
Distal tubule of kidney
Determines levels of mineral in/out
What is the effect of aldosterone on ions?
Increased Na+ resorption
Increased K+ excretion
How is aldosterone controlled?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Increased aldosterone has what effect?
Stimulation of Na+ and water retention
K+ depletion
Increased blood pressure/volume
Decreased aldosterone has what effect?
Na+ and Water loss
Increased plasma [K+]
Decreased blood pressure
What is Cushing’s disease?
Hypersecretion of cortisol
What is the typical cause of iatrogenic hypersecretion of cortisol?
Overdose of therapeutic cortisol
Hypersecretion of cortisol is typically due to tumours where? Which is most common?
Adrenal cortex
PITUITARY GLAND
What is Addison’s disease?
Hyposecretion of all adrenal steroid hormones
What is the cause of Addison’s disease?
Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex
What is the common physical presentation of Cushing’s?
Increased fat deposits in neck, face, trunk
“Moon face”
Wasting in extremities
CRH and ACTH release is PROMOTED by what?
Stress
What daily factors disinhibit the HPA axis?
Alcohol
Caffeine
Lack of sleep
What is the general role of the adrenal medulla?
Neuroendocrine
Preganglionic sympathetic fibres terminate where in the adrenal medulla?
Specialised postganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla
What is the effect of neural stimulation of Specialised postganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla?
Release of neurohormones directly into the blood
Adrenaline
What is pheochromocytoma?
Neuroendocrine tumour of the adrenal medulla
Pheochromocytoma causes what?
Excess catecholamines
Pheochromocytoma presents how?
Excess catecholamines:
↑HR - ↑CO - ↑BP
Diabetogenic
What is tertiary hypercortisolaemia?
Hypercortisolaemia due to pathology of the hypothalamus
What is Secondary hypercortisolaemia?
Hypercortisolaemia due to pathology of the pituitary gland
What is Primary hypercortisolaemia?
Hypercortisolaemia due to pathology of the adrenal cortex
What must always be remembered when withdrawing glucocorticoids?
Adrenal insufficiency
How do you take a patient off glucocorticoids?
Slowly/weaning
How does fast withdrawal of glucocorticoid Rx cause adrenal insufficiency?
Loss of trophic effect of ACTH on adrenal gland causes atrophy
Insufficiency
WORSENED because therapeutic cortisol enhances the -ve feedback effect on ACTH and CRH