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Animal Behaviour > The Physiological basis L2 > Flashcards

The Physiological basis L2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 physical qualities that animals respond to in their environment?

A 
Light
Gravity
Air
Temperature
Water currents
Magnetic field
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2
Q

Define stimuli

A

Stimuli: objects or events in an animal’s environment to which it responds.

Stimuli can either come from outside or even internal but is detected using a range of sense organs

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3
Q

Define stimulus

A

Stimulus literally means “little goad” from the Latin stimulare– to goad, incite or arouse.

Different ways in which factors both inside and outside of the animal’s body are detected are covered in a wide range.

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4
Q

What are senses used for?

A

Senses are used by animals to keep check on their environment.

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5
Q

In relation to senses what do humans rely on?

A

For humans vision and hearing are important.

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6
Q

In relation to senses what do birds rely on?

A

Birds rely mostly on sight and sound

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7
Q

How are sights and sounds reformed?

A

Sights and sounds are reformed from a stream of nerve impulses

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8
Q

What does it mean by nerves are all or nothing signals?

A

Nerves are all or nothing signals which means they do not vary in size and shape.

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9
Q

How is the position and colour of an object determined?

A

The position and colour of the object is determined by the nerve fibre which goes from the eye, that passes the stimulus through.

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10
Q

In relation to site what does brightness determine?

A

Brightness determines the rate at which messages are sent

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11
Q

What do Photoreceptors do?

A

Photoreceptors – detect light (electromagnetic radiation)

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12
Q

How do Mammalian eyes differ?

A

Mammalian eyes differ in their sensitivity to light intensity
Mammals can only detect light with a wavelength between 380 nm (blue)and 680 nm (red)

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13
Q

What light source can Birds, fish and many insects see that mammals can’t?

A

Birds, fish & many insects can see UVlight

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14
Q

What do plants use to guide the insect to the centre of the flower?

A

Honey and nectar guides are used by plants to guide the insect to the centre of the flower. (Bees can only see yellow, blue and UV, however not red).

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15
Q

How does ultraviolet light work with bird plumage?

A

Ultraviolet light is reflected by bird plumage which is white or dull grey.

Birds have an extra colour receptor (cone) which is sensitive to UV light, e.g. starling plumage.

This can make them more conspicuous to others or even be a component of communication.

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16
Q

What is the Plane of polarization of light and how does it work with animals?

A

Some animals are sensitive to the plane of polarisation of light

Light reaching the ground from areas of blue sky is vibrating predominantly in
one plane.

The angle of the plane changes in a regular fashion with respect to the sun as it moves across the sky

Animals that use the sun for navigation can potentially know where the sun is by only seeing a patch of blue sky

E.g. bees, birds, fish & squid

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17
Q

What is needed to stimulate the nerve cells from the ear?

A

Particular tones are needed to stimulate the nerve cells from the ear

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18
Q

How is the loudness of the tone indicated?

A

the rate of which it fires indicates how loud the tone is.

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19
Q

What cps can Humans and birds hear?

A

Humans & birds can hear up to ~20,000 cps

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20
Q

What cps can Bats hear?

A

Bats go beyond this to ~120,000 cps

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21
Q

What frequency can humans ears detect sound?

A

Human ears can detect sounds with frequencies between 20 and 18 000 Hz

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22
Q

How can other mammals detect higher level frequencies?

A

Many mammals can detect higher frequencies than this (by using ultrasound) Or lower frequencies (infrasound)
Bats & cetaceans use ultrasound in echo location

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23
Q

What do small animals use when they are separated from their mother?

A

When a young and small animal is separated from their mother, they will emit ultrasonic squeaks

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24
Q

How is Owl hearing adapted for hunting in the dark?

A

Owls are able to hunt in complete darkness, this is done by using the intensity differences between their ears, allowing them to hone in on the sound.

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25
Q

How are Barn owls able to locate sounds more precisely than humans?

A

Barn owls have asymmetrical positioning of the ear openings, they also have very acute hearing. This allows for them to locate sounds more precisely than humans.

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26
Q

How does sonar work and how do bats use it?

A

Pulses of sound are admitted by the animals, allowing them to listen to the echoes.

For bats they can produce 100 pulses per second and are able to listen to each echoe between pulses.

A problem can be that objects will distort the sound in different ways.

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27
Q

What do chemo-receptors do?

A

As a result of air, water or borne chemicals, taste and smell can be detected.

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28
Q

What animals can discriminate between a greater range of chemicals or detect them at a lower concentrations?

A

moths and sniffer dogs which detect pheromones, they are airborne chemicals that carry messages.

Dogs can detect a complex world of smells.

29
Q

How much lower can Dogs detect the smell of a variety of substances in comparison to humans?

A

Dogs have developed a move complex communication system based on smell compared to humans. Dogs are able to smell a variety of substances, which includes concentrations between 1000 and 10,000x lower than humans.

30
Q

What are Thermoreceptors?

A

These respond to heat and cold

31
Q

Where are Thermoreceptors found?

A

they are found on the surface of animals of which they respond to ambient temperature.

They are also found inside animals, where they monitor the animal’s own internal temperature.

32
Q

How do snakes detect infrared radiation?

A

Infrared radiation can be detected by some snakes, this is the heat given off by warm blooded prey.

This is done by the small cavities on their heads, which contain 1000s of heat sensitive nerve endings

33
Q

What do Rattlesnakes and pit vipers use to sense the heat coming from prey?

A

Pit organs are used by Rattlesnakes and pit vipers to sense the heat coming from their prey

34
Q

How are Magnetic fields detected by animals?

A

Variations in the earth’s magnetic field can be responded to by some species.

This is probably done through organs containing small amounts of magnetic material, which detects variations in the earth’s magnetic field for the purpose of navigation.

35
Q

How are Electric fields generated by animals?

A

Electric fields are generated by a few fish around them, this is done by using electric organs which is modified muscle tissues

36
Q

What are Electric fields used for by animals?

A

The distortions in the field are used to gather information about the position of potential prey

Alternation of the field is used as signalling to one another.

37
Q

What fish are more sensitive to electrical fields?

A

Sharks & rays are even more sensitive to electrical fields

38
Q

How do sharks and rays generate Electric fields and what limit is their detection?

A

generated by muscle movement

Can detect fields as small as 0.005μV cm

39
Q

What relation do Duck-billed platypus have to electric fields?

A

They can detect electric fields which are generated by muscle activity in animals which include crayfish as they feed. Electroreceptors are on their bills.

40
Q

What Tactile sense do Florida Manatees have?

A

Manatees are sensitive to touch

Can feel water movements below one nanometer

41
Q

How does the touch sense for Seals work?

A

When a seal touches an object it can feel the size of it, using the number of whiskers as contact points. They can also move their whiskers towards an object.

42
Q

Where are pressure receptors located on animals and what do they do?

A

They are located on the external covering of an organism, they all respond to touch and pain.

43
Q

What form of pressure receptor do fish use?

A

For a fish, they have a lateral line organ (This is a row of pressure detectors along each flank). These detect mechanical vibrations in the water. This is mostly developed in fish which can live where there is no light, allowing them to detect the presence of other fish in the school and predators.

44
Q

What are Proprioceptors and where are they located?

A

These are used to detect changes within an animal’s body which involves the detection of position and movement as well as help maintain balance.

For humans they are located in the muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and vestibular apparatus of the ears.

45
Q

What are stimulus filters for animals and what do they do?

A

Animals have the equivalent of filters, which let some stimuli past & lead to appropriate behaviour, but ignore/ exclude other stimuli

All sense organs do not respond to all stimuli

Precise sensory filtering can only work where the sense concerned is used in responding to one of a few very specific stimuli.

46
Q

What animals are more likely to have precise peripheral filters?

A

Animals with few interests in life are most likely to have precise peripheral filters.

47
Q

How does stimulus filtering affect frogs?

A

For frogs the ears are wired to hear croaks of their own species, they have little role in detecting food or predators. Their eyes are mainly used to know what to eat and what to run away from. It can always be involved in mating when a female is in close range.

When it comes to detecting precise information about the mate,is not very precise, for male frogs and toads they are very un-selective about objects they will attempt to clasp during mating season.

48
Q

What do caterpillars use to detect predators nearby?

A

Some caterpillars have hairs that can detect a flying wasp close by

49
Q

How do spiders detect information about the nature and the location of mechanical disturbances?

A

Spiders use their web to transmit info about nature & location of mechanical disturbance

50
Q

How do Pond skaters detect nearby disturbances?

A

Pond skaters – detect ripples

51
Q

What do spiders use Trichobothria for?

A

Trichobothria on spiders’ legs
Air sensitive hairs
Detect airborne prey

52
Q

Define sign stimuli

A

Animals respond to a key feature in their environment (a cue) & ignore others

53
Q

What is the Job of the Sensory receptors?

A

The sense organs are responsible for changing forms of environmental stimulation. E.g. light, sound and heat.

They are changed into electrical potential which are then registered by the receptor cell. (This is a nerve cell that is part of the sense organs).

Receptor cells are connected to other cells from the nervous system.

When the electrical potential hits the brain, it is soughted and categorised on the basis of the intensity of stimulation of peripheral sensory nerves.

54
Q

Where are sensory receptors found?

A

There are numerous types of sensory receptors in skin, muscles,viscera

55
Q

What effects can receptors combine together to make?

A

Sometimes their effects combine to give sensations of hunger,thirst or nausea

56
Q

What is the Somesthetic system?

A

This is the system that is responsible for bodily sensations

Central Nervous System (CNS) monitors position of limbs, pressure on internal organs, temperature of parts of the body and many other factors

Conducted via intero-receptors located at strategic points

Numerous types of sensory receptors in the skin, skeletal muscle & viscera of vertebrates.

57
Q

When does the processing of information occur?

A

These are the stages between detecting a particular stimulus and making a response which is done by the central nervous system.

The processing is between detecting of the stimulus and behaving in some way.

58
Q

Define the nervous system

A

an organised collection of nerve cells & associated non-nervous cells includes the receptors but not the effector organs (glands/muscles).

59
Q

What is the role of the Nerve cells (Neurons)?

A

The nervous system is made up of nerve cells which are called neurons, they are specialized to transmit information to one and another.

Each one of the cells have a body containing a nucleus and a number of branching protrusions. The dendrites will connect with nearby neurons.

60
Q

What are Synapses?

A

The membranes of axons and dendrites will not make physical connects with other neurons, however will come close at junctions which are called synapses.

61
Q

What determines the intensity of stimulation sent by the nerve cells?

A

A nerve impulse that travels along a specific nerve axon will have an measurable size and speed of growth, that are the characteristics of that nerve cell.

Therefore the nerve cell will only transmit messages which are about the intensity of stimulation only.

Information on the Nature of the stimulus can be gained by the brain only by integrating the information from many nerve cells.

62
Q

Explain resting potential and an action potential

A

The membrane in the neuron is usually polarised, meaning there is a electrical potential across. This is called resting potential, providing a state of readiness.

At rest, the cells interior is negative at relative to the outside

Once the resting potential is depolarised past a certain threshold and action potential is spread along the membrane

Stimulation of a neuron will
cause a change in membrane potential

Once reaching a threshold this will cause an action potential to be triggered.

63
Q

What are the roles of the receptors in the joints, muscles and tendons?

A

Receptors in joints, muscles & tendons – provide information about the orientation of the body in relation to gravity & external stimuli

64
Q

What is the main evolutionary trend of the animal kingdom?

A

increasing complexity of the nervous System

65
Q

Where is the nervous system of vertebrates formed from?

A

Is formed from a dorsal neural tube to form a brain and a single dorsal nerve chord.

66
Q

What does the neural tube develop into?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain) - olfactory

Mesencephalon (midbrain) - visual

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) - auditory

67
Q

List the different parts of the brain

A

Skeletal muscle movement - Primary motor cortex

Sensory info from skin, musculoskeletal system, viscera & taste buds –Parietal lobe

Vision - Occipital lobe

Hearing – Auditory cortex

Taste – Gustatory cortex

Smell –Olfactory cortex

Coordination of info from other association areas, control of some behaviours & reasoning skills – Frontal lobe

68
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

brain, spinal cord

69
Q

What does the Peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

sensory division,motor division–autonomic nervous system,somatic nervous system.

inflow (afferent) and outflow (efferent) nerves from the CNS

Animal Behaviour (13 decks)

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