Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Behaviour > Reproductive Behaviour lecture 8 part 2 > Flashcards

Reproductive Behaviour lecture 8 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Sexual reproduction a mechanism for?

A

mixing genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is most important in relation to mixing genes?

A

propagation of alleles (genetic material), not any particular individual!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the driving force behind the organism’s entire design?

A

Surviving long enough to reproduce and ensuring viable reproductive offspring is the driving force behind the organism’s entire design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In Meiosis how much of % do females lose of her genetic make-up in her progeny?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In an evolutionary sense….

A

no matter as it is the probability that an individual allele finds its way into the next generation that is important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Alleles that are beneficial are likely to?

A

find their way therefore the female has then done her job.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the evolutionary rate advantage of sexual reproduction?

A

New genetic combinations increase the oppurtunity to respond adequately to selection pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Increased genetic diversity=?

A

increased chance to respond to novel pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does it overcome deleterious mutations?

A

by providing genes that correct this > DNA Repair Hypothesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference with genetic diversity between Asexual reproduction and Sexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction: Deleterious mutations propagate

Sexual reproduction: New gene combinations and increasing the chance of overcoming unwelcome mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the new combination of genes mean?

A

more opportunity to respond to selection pressures that result from environmental changes (Physical or biological)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does focusing the sexual selection on fitness characteristics of partners increase?

A

The efficiency of the process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What physical differences allow for easy discrimination of the sexes in high animals?

A

(e.g. penis) or secondary sexual characteristics (e.g. antlers, horns, greater size - male - to - male combat and ornaments - mate choice)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the true cost of sexual reproduction?

A

True cost is decreasing the capacity of the female to produce offspring by producing both male and female offspring

-By producing males and females, which cannot reproduce independently, a sexual female halves her fertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What species does the true cost of sexual reproduction mostly effect?

A

-Especially in anisogamous species (i.e. males and females with different-sized gametes) where males invest vastly less at the gamete stage (sperm smaller than eggs) and often during parental care (rarely bi-parental care of paternal care)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give the evolutionary explanation for why there is 2 sexes?

A

Advantage to those organisms that had larger ancestral isogametic (single-sized gamete) cells in terms of resource provisioning

Individuals with smaller gametes can exploit this by encountering larger gametes faster than they can encounter each other.

Evolutionary pressures then favour both smaller and smaller (more motile) gametes and large gametes (whose size equates to the optimum for the development of offspring).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the net result in relation to Evolutionary explanation?

A

Net result is development of two types of gametes and anisogamous (different-sized gamete) sexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What evolved to account for different physiologies?

A

(Delivery and receptor mechanisms) and behaviours (to improve chances of reproduction success) evolved to account for this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mating often involves?

A

some form of mate selection (mate choice = usually female choice of male mates)

20
Q

Mate quality (individuals in a breeding population vary in quality) is defined in terms of?

A
  • Fertility
  • Dominance and/or aggressiveness
  • Experience
  • Health and/or parasite load
  • Immune system
21
Q

List the 3 parts involved with choice of partner

A

1) Make sure you have the correct species
2) Make sure you have the right sex
3) Make sure you have the fittest mate

22
Q

What are the short term benefits of mating with a high quality partner?

A

Short term material benefits (e.g. resources of a large territory) which will also give an advantage to her offspring.

23
Q

What are the long term benefits of mating with a high quality partner?

A

Long-term genetic advantage (i.e. male-derived genes) which confers a fitness advantage to the offspring.

-Remember that fitness refers to the lifetime reproductive success of an individual

24
Q

What are the costs and benefits of promiscuous mating for males?

A

Males benefit in maximising spread of genes but there are costs associated with promiscuous mating

  • Ejaculatory costs (E.g. quantity and quality of sperm)
  • Time and energy costs
  • Commitment to one partner where offspring need the input of both parents
  • Need to paternity assurance (e.g. by mate gaurding)
25
Q

How doe females benefit from promiscuous mating?

A

Mating with more than one male = advantages in mixing genetic material

26
Q

What kinds of criteria do females use to choose males?

A

Directly related to quality (e.g. size or brightness of colour, related to disease and parasite load))

Symbolic (e.g. using courtship rituals and ornamentation)

27
Q

How is male reproductive success measured?

A

the number of matings achieved

28
Q

What should males do to be more successful?

A

Males should attempt to mate with as many females as possible - a non-selective undiscriminating eagerness

29
Q

How is female reproduction success measured?

A

measured by the quality of whoever fertilizes her eggs

30
Q

What should females do to be more successful?

A

Females (where there is a choice of mate) should be highly selective

31
Q

In mating systems what do males put a lot more reproductive investment into?

A

the mating effort

32
Q

In mating systems what do females put a lot more reproductive investment into?

A

the parental effort

33
Q

List the different types of mating systems?

A

Monogamy
Polygamy
Promiscuity

34
Q

What do the different mating systems lead to?

A

-This leads to different parental roles, behavioural responses, groupings and territorial activities

35
Q

Explain Monogamy

A

One male defends one females territory - partners may be seasonally or lifetime monogamous. Seems counterintuitive for males.

36
Q

What does extra-pair copulation often lead to?

A

Extra-pair copulations often lead to genetic polygamy even if there is a social monogamy. Genetic monogamy is now considered the exception

37
Q

Explain Polygamy

A

One female forms pair bonds with several males simultaneously

38
Q

What is classical polyandry?

A

One female mates with more than 1 male

39
Q

What is Resource defence (cooperative polyandry)?

A

Males defend smaller inclusive territories and often care for young.

40
Q

What is Uni-male polygyny (Often defence of resouces)?

A

One male defends several females range

41
Q

What is Harem polygyny?

A

One male defends the females group(Non long-term defence of resources)

42
Q

What is Multi-male polygyny?

A

Several males defend the females groups (No long-term defence of resources).

43
Q

Define Lekking

A

Males perform in distinct, stable display area; females visit solely to choose mate. Can be concentrated (males close together) or exploded (Male some distance apart and interact through calls).

44
Q

Explain Promiscuity

A

No pair bond - in one breeding season females and males meet briefly to copulate.

No rule as to which sex provides care for young.

45
Q

Explain Resource defence

A

males defend food territory and mate with females who visit to feed (not breeding territory or elaborate rituals

46
Q

Explain display site defence

A

Males defend display site with no resources; females visits solely to copulate.

Animal Behaviour (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions