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Animal Genetics > The Physical Basis Of Heredity > Flashcards

The Physical Basis Of Heredity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where is the “heredity” factor?

A

In the nucleus

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2
Q

Do chromosomes occur in pairs?

A

Yes

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3
Q

When do chromosomes separate?

A

At meiosis

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4
Q

How do members of chromosome pair appear to segregate?

A

Independently

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5
Q

Most animals have what kind of cells?

A

Diploid

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6
Q

Diploid

A

2n or two sets (one pair) of chromosomes

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7
Q

Autosome

A

Pairs 1-22 the “not sex chromosomes”

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8
Q

What is the last pair of chromosomes?

A

Sex chromosomes

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9
Q

XX

A

Female

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10
Q

XY

A

Males

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11
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Paired corresponding chromosomes

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12
Q

What are homologous chromosomes similar in?

A

In morphology, centromere position, and the genes that each carry

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13
Q

Centromere

A

The largest constriction site on the chromosome

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14
Q

What is the site of spindle fiber attachment during mitosis?

A

The centromere

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15
Q

How many chromatids per centromere?

A

2

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16
Q

Sister chromatids

A

The two chromatids that make up one chromosomes

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17
Q

Telomere

A

Tips of the chromosome

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18
Q

How do you describe chromosomes?

A

By centromere position

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19
Q

Telocentric

A

Centromere at tip

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20
Q

Acrocentric

A

Centromere close to tip

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21
Q

Submetacentric

A

Centromere off center

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22
Q

Metacentric

A

Centromere at middle

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23
Q

Karyotype

A

A chart arranging chromosome pictures according to their size, grouped by pairs of homologs

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24
Q

How are chromosomes numbered in Karyotypes?

A

In order of size and centromere position

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25
Q

Ideogram

A

A schematic representation of a chromosome

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26
Q

Shorter arm in ideogram

A

P arm

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27
Q

Longer arm in ideogram

A

Q arm

28
Q

How are major banding regions in ideograms indicated?

A

With numbers

29
Q

Microsomes

A

artificial structures derived from pieces of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) formed during tissue homogenization

30
Q

Cytogenetic

A

Genetic sub discipline that focuses on chromosome variations

31
Q

What can abnormal gene or chromosome copy numbers lead to?

A

Genetic abnormalities

32
Q

When are chromosomes visible (this is the time we Karyotype)?

A

During metaphase when the chromatids are lined up

33
Q

What is chromatin made of?

A

DNA and protein

34
Q

Chromatin

A

the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.

35
Q

Where is chromatin located?

A

Outside of of nucleolus

36
Q

Cell Cycle

A

G1 —> S —> G2 —> Mitosis

37
Q

What two steps make up interphase?

A

G1 and S

38
Q

G1 Phase

A

Time cell growth before DNA is copied (chromosomes unduplicated)

39
Q

S Phase

A

Time of cell growth when the DNA is copied (all chromosomes duplicated)

40
Q

G2 Phase

A

Time after DNA replication the cell prepares to divide

41
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
42
Q

Prophase

A

When microtubules attach to the centromeres of the sister chromatids

43
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle fibers line up chromosomes in the middle

44
Q

Aster

A

Where spindle fibers come out from

45
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibers begin pulling sister chromatids apart

46
Q

Telophase and cytokinesis

A

Sister chromatids are separated and cleavage furrow and nucleus/nuclear envelope begin to form

47
Q

When does cytokinesis begin?

A

Towards the end of anaphase

48
Q

When does cytokinesis end?

A

Finishes after telophase

49
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

-Cleavage furrow forms
-microfilaments pull plasma membrane inward around the cell
-pinches the cell in two

50
Q

Daughter cells are _____.

A

2n

51
Q

What is the function of mitosis?

A

Growth, including repair and maintenance

52
Q

Where does mitosis occur in?

A

Somatic/body cells

53
Q

What is the mechanism of mitosis?

A

Chromosomes are duplicated once then cytoplasm is divided

54
Q

What is the outcome of mitosis?

A

Maintains the diploid chromosomes number 2n —> 2n

55
Q

Effect of mitosis

A

Two diploid daughter cells

56
Q

Function of meiosis

A

Gamete production (sperm/eggs)

57
Q

Where does meiosis occur at?

A

Germ cells in gonads (testes/ovaries)

58
Q

Mechanism of meiosis

A

Chromosomes are duplicated twice then the cytoplasm is divided

59
Q

Outcome of meiosis

A

Halves the diploid chromosome number 2n—>n

60
Q

Effect of meiosis

A

Four haploid daughter cells

61
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Single DNA replication two division of the cytoplasm

62
Q

What happens during meiosis I?

A
  • separation of homologs
    -reduces chromosomes to haploid
63
Q

What happens during meiosis II?

A

Equational division; sister chromatids of haploid cells are separated

64
Q

Genetic recombination

A

As chromosomes move closer together synapsis occurs and chromatids break and exchange genetic information

65
Q

What species can you cross?

A

Species with the similar chromosome numbers

66
Q

Why are mules infertile?

A

Because a horse has 64 chromosomes and a donkey has 62 so when a mule is born it has 63.5 and cannot reproduce with other mules

67
Q

Why can ligers or tigons reproduce but not mules?

A

Because most cats have the same chromosome number so hybrids will have the same as well and can reproduce

Animal Genetics (6 decks)

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