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Animal Genetics > Biochemical Basis of Heredity > Flashcards

Biochemical Basis of Heredity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA and protein

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2
Q

DNA consists of a lot of _______________ but no _____________.

A
  1. phosphorus
  2. sulfur
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3
Q

Proteins contain _____________ but very little _______________.

A
  1. sulfur
  2. phosphorus
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4
Q

Rough strain Griffith experiment

A

the rough strain is nonvirulent so the mouse lives

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5
Q

Heated killed smooth strain Griffith experiment

A

mouse lives

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6
Q

smooth strain Griffith experiment

A

the smooth strain is virulent so the mouse dies

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7
Q

rough strain and heated killed smooth strain Griffith experiment

A

all mice die

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8
Q

What happened when the rough strain and heated killed smooth strain were injected into a mouse?

A

all mice died and the living bacteria was found of S type so this implies that R bacteria were transformed into S

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9
Q

Transforming principle

A

carried genetic information, there is a chemical in one cell that is genetically changing the other

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10
Q

What did Phoebus Levene do?

A

isolated nucleotide and figured out what they were made of

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11
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

a sugar molecule, phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base

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12
Q

Nitrogen containing bases

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

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13
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff do?

A

found out how base pairs pair to each other

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14
Q

What base pair corresponds to A?

A

T

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15
Q

What base pair corresponds to G?

A

C

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16
Q

What did Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin do?

A

took an X ray diffraction which showed that DNA was a helix

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17
Q

Watson and Crick

A

created a DNA model showing how DNA is a double helix

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18
Q

How is DNA orientated?

A

3’ – 5’ and 5’ – 3’

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19
Q

What holds together base pairs?

A

hydrogen bonds

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20
Q

Central Dogma

A

a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction from DNA to RNA to proteins or RNA directly to protein

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21
Q

Three steps of the central dogma

A
  1. replication
  2. transcription
  3. translation
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22
Q

Replication occurs in the ….

A

DNA

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23
Q

After DNA is replicated it resides in the __________.

A

nucleus

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24
Q

Helicase

A

unwinds and holds apart DNA section to be replicated

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25
Q

Primase

A

begins new DNA molecule with RNA primer

26
Q

DNA polymerase

A

brings in new DNA nucleotides to existing strand

27
Q

Exonuclease

A

removes RNA primer

28
Q

Ligase

A

seals sugar phosphate backbone

29
Q

What do binding proteins do?

A

stabilize separated strands of DNA

30
Q

Step one of DNA replication

A

helices binds to origin and separates strands

31
Q

Step two of DNA replication

A

binding proteins prevent single strands from rejoining

32
Q

Step three of DNA replication

A

primate makes a short stretch of RNA on the DNA template

33
Q

Step four of DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides to the RNA primer

34
Q

Step five of DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase proofreading activity checks and replaces incorrect bases just added

35
Q

Step six of DNA replicaiton

A

enzymes remove RNA primer and ligase seals sugar phosphate backbone

36
Q

What is the overall direction of DNA replication?

A

‘5 to 3’

37
Q

What strand replicates smoothly?

A

the leading or continuous strand

38
Q

What does the discontinuous strand must do?

A

produces Okazaki fragments on the 5’ to 3’ template

39
Q

Where does transcription occur in?

A

the nucleus

40
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

the cytoplasm

41
Q

In transcription what serves as a template for RNA synthesis?

A

DNA

42
Q

What does RNA polymerase do in transcription?

A

begins at promoter region and adds nucleotides until a stop codon is reached

43
Q

What are the RNA nucleotides?

A

A, U, G, C

44
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA
-forms the ribosomes with protein

45
Q

mRNA

A

messanger RNA
-carries the code for protein synthesis (codons)

46
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA
-picks up amino acid for the growing polypeptide chain (anticodons)

47
Q

What happens during transcription?

A
  1. base sequence of new RNA strand is complementary to the template DNA strand which is the mRNA molecule
  2. mRNA detaches
48
Q

How many nucleotide bases are on a codon?

A

3

49
Q

How many codons make up the genetic code?

A

64

50
Q

What does redundancy mean in the genetic code?

A

that more than one codon corresponds to one amino acid

51
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

52
Q

Stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

53
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

translates the genetic code anticodon base pairs with codon on mRNA and tRNA has a hook that allows the correct amino acids to pair

54
Q

How are genes expressed?

A

they are either on or off

55
Q

Name some ways genes are expressed:

A
  1. some switched on/off throughout lifetime
  2. some turned on only at certain times
  3. some turned off permanently before birth
56
Q

Posttranscriptional modifications

A
  1. introns are cut out
  2. exons are joined together
  3. the mRNA transcript is transported to cytoplasm for translation
57
Q

What do regulatory proteins do?

A

-speed up or halt transcription
-may bind with noncoding DNA sequences and affect the transcription of a neighboring gene

58
Q

Positive regulation

A

if activator is on operator then transcription occurs

59
Q

Negative regulation

A

if a repressor is on an operator then no transcription occurs

60
Q

If no activator is present does transcription occur?

A

no

61
Q

If no repressor is present does transcription occur?

A

yes

Animal Genetics (6 decks)

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