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Hazards > The Philippines: A Multi Hazard Environment > Flashcards

The Philippines: A Multi Hazard Environment Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the Philippines?

A

Off the mainland in southeast Asia.

On the western rim of the “Pacific Ring of Fire”

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2
Q

How many people live in the Philippines?

A

Over 100 million

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3
Q

What does the Philippines’ position on the Pacific Ring of Fire mean?

A

Volcanic activity and earthquakes can occur here.

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4
Q

What other hazard does the Philippines face?

A

Typhoons

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5
Q

In which direction do the typhoons move?

A

From the Pacific towards southeast Asia

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6
Q

For which hazard is the Philippines the most exposed country in the world?

A

Typhoons

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7
Q

What two threats do typhoons bring?

A

Flooding and landslides

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8
Q

What hinders the attempts of the government to try and reduce poverty and reduce the impacts of these hazards?

A

Natural hazards

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9
Q

What is the cost of natural hazards to the Philippines’ economy?

A

0.5% of the national GDP however, secondary impacts increase the cost.

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10
Q

In what year was the Bohol earthquake?

A

2013

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11
Q

How many typhoons passed over or touched in 2013?

A

7 (including Typhoon Haiyan)

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12
Q

How many tropical storms affected the Philippines in 2013?

A

8

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13
Q

What was the volcanic threat in 2013?

A

They were rumbling and releasing small-scale emissions of lava, steam and gas.

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14
Q

How many earthquakes with a magnitude of at least 5.6 took place between 2000 and 2013?

A

17

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15
Q

Which major earthquake occurred in 1976?

A

An earthquake off Mindanao (Moro Gulf)

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16
Q

What was the magnitude of the Moro Gulf earthquake?

A

7.9

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17
Q

What was a major secondary effect of the Moro Gulf earthquake?

A

Tsunamis

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18
Q

Where did the 1976 tsunamis hit?

A

The western shore of Mindanao

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19
Q

How many people did the 1976 tsunamis kill?

A

8000

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20
Q

When was the Luzon earthquake?

A

1990

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21
Q

What was the magnitude of the Luzon earthquake?

A

7.8

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22
Q

What was the death toll for the Luzon earthquake?

A

1,600

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23
Q

What is a primary impact of the Luzon earthquake?

A

Ground rupturing

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24
Q

What is a secondary impact of the Luzon earthquake?

A

Soil liquefaction

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25
Q

What was the magnitude of the Bohol earthquake?

A

7.8

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26
Q

How many people died as a result of the 2013 Bohol earthquake?

A

Over 200

27
Q

How many people were injured as a result of the Bohol Earthquake?

A

800

28
Q

What was another impact of the Bohol earthquake?

A

Damage to tens of thousands of buildings.

29
Q

How many active volcanoes are in the Philippines?

A

23

30
Q

Which volcano is the most active in the Philippines?

A

Mayon

31
Q

How many times has the Mayon volcano erupted in the last 400 years?

A

50

32
Q

When was the most destructive volcanic event in regards to the Mayon volcano?

A

1814

33
Q

When did the Mayon volcano last erupt?

A

23rd January 2018

34
Q

What is Mayon known for?

A

Lahars- volcanic ash mixes with heavy rainfall from typhoons to produce rivers of mud

35
Q

When did Mount Pinatubo erupt violently?

A

1991

36
Q

Which eruption was the second largest eruption on the planet in the 20th century?

A

Mount Pinatubo 1991

37
Q

How many people live near Pinatubo?

A

500,000 people within 40km

38
Q

How many people did early warning and evacuations save in 1991?

A

At least 5000

39
Q

Give details about the eruption in 1991

A

The explosion was so violent that it hurled gases, ash and steam into the upper atmosphere?

40
Q

What effect did the gas, steam and ash in the upper atmosphere have as a result of the 1991 eruption?

A

Reduced the average global temp by 0.5 degrees c for at least 2 years

41
Q

What other hazardous event followed Mount Pinatubo’s 1991 eruption?

A

Typhoon Yunya

42
Q

What was the combined effect of Typhoon Yunya and Mount Pinatubo erupting?

A

Heavy rainfall combined with volcanic ash to produce deadly lahars.

43
Q

What was the final death toll of the mount Pinatubo eruption?

A

850

44
Q

How many times has Taal erupted?

A

33 on historical record

45
Q

How many deaths is the Taal volcano thought to be responsible for?

A

5000-6000 deaths according to historical records

46
Q

Why is the Taal volcano a threat?

A

It lies near populated areas

47
Q

What disturbances cause the most deaths and why?

A

Tropical storms combined with volcanic eruptions because the heavy rainfall mixes with the ash to create deadly lahar.

48
Q

Why are people more vulnerable in the Philippines?

A

Multi hazard environment
Poverty
Natural hazards can be a direct cause of other natural hazards

49
Q

What can earthquakes lead to?

A

Tsunamis
Landslides and mudslides
Fires
Looting and crime

50
Q

What can heavy rainfall associated with typhoons lead to?

A

Flooding

Landslides

51
Q

How many natural disasters has the Philippines faced over the last two decades?

A

Over 300

52
Q

Why is the risk of typhoons becoming more severe?

A

Climate change

53
Q

Why are Filipino’s becoming more and more vulnerable to typhoons?

A

People have moved to low lying areas, crammed with housing
Rapid urbanisation
Deforestation

54
Q

Why have people moved to low lying areas?

A

It is cheaper

55
Q

Why is deforestation a problem in the Philippines?

A

Steep, unprotected slopes can lead to rapid run-off, flooding and potentially landslides.

56
Q

What approach do the disaster management systems rely on?

A

A response or reactive approach

57
Q

What approach should the Philippines take?

A

A proactive approach

58
Q

Why should the Filipino’s take a proactive approach?

A

Disasters could be mitigated by appropriate land-use planning, construction and other preventative measures.

59
Q

Is the approach top down or bottom up?

A

It is more of a centralised top down approach rather than a community based approach with local initiatives.

60
Q

What has the Philippines National Red Cross (PNRC) started to do?

A

Encourage people to collaborate in protecting their lives and resources upon which they depend.

61
Q

How does the PNRC plan work?

A

Co-operate with the government to gain financial support and sustainability.
Train local volunteers
Identify land-use risks using land-use mapping
Initiate mitigation measures
Disseminate information to the whole community

62
Q

Why is risk-reduction a problem when the Philippines has some of the best risk-reduction laws in the world?

A

Too much responsibility falls to local governments where money is not wisely spent. and resources are stretched.

63
Q

What has recent government legislation meant in terms of spending funding?

A

70% of disaster funding should be used for long-term plans and 30% for short term response.

Hazards (15 decks)

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